Sir Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler are all directly associated with the

• Industrial Revolution

• Scientific Revolution

• English Revolution

• Agricultural Revolution

Which period of history had the greatest influence on the Enlightenment ideas of natural law and reason?

• Pax Romana

• Middle Ages

• Age of Exploration

• Scientific Revolution

Philosophers of the Enlightenment period believed that society could best be improved by

• relying on faith and divine right

• borrowing ideas from ancient Greece and Rome

• applying reason and the laws of nature

• studying the practices of successful leaders

The ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu most influenced

• the growing power of priests in the Roman Catholic Church

• improvements in the working conditions of factory workers

• the rise of industrial capitalism

• movements for political reform

One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment were similar is that they

• encouraged the spread of new ideas

• strengthened traditional institutions

• led to the Protestant Reformation

• rejected Renaissance individualism

Before the French Revolution, the people of France were divided into three estates based mainly on their

• education level

• social class

• geographic region

• religious beliefs

This drawing illustrates conditions that contributed primarily to the beginning of the

• Protestant Reformation

• French Revolution

• Napoleonic Wars

• European Renaissance

The Enlightenment and the American Revolution were both major influences on 19th-century uprisings in

• Latin America

• Vietnam

• the Middle East

• Japan

Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, and Toussaint l’Ouverture are important in Latin American history because they were

• 20th-century caudillos

• leaders of liberation movements

• members of the Organization of American States (OAS)

• winners of the Nobel Peace Prize

One of the main purposes of the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) was to

• promote the unification of Italy

• preserve the German territories gained by Otto von Bismarck

• restore the power of the Holy Roman Empire

• establish a balance of power in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon