Global Review 10.2a: The Enlightenment

One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment were similar is that they

• encouraged the spread of new ideas

• strengthened traditional institutions

• led to the Protestant Reformation

• rejected Renaissance individualism

Which period of history had the greatest influence on the Enlightenment ideas of natural law and reason?

• Pax Romana

• Middle Ages

• Age of Exploration

• Scientific Revolution

In Two Treatises of Government, John Locke wrote that the purpose of government was to

• keep kings in power

• regulate the economy

• expand territory

• protect natural rights

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers were based on

• efforts to achieve salvation

• faith in human reason

• traditional practices

• the inevitability of poverty

The Enlightenment and the American Revolution were both major influences on 19th-century uprisings in

• Latin America

• the Middle East

• Vietnam

• Japan

One contribution that John Locke made to Enlightenment philosophy was the idea that

• absolute monarchies should continue

• the punishment should fit the crime

• individual rights should be denied

• governments should be based on the consent of the people

Which idea became a central belief of the Enlightenment?

• The use of reason would lead to human progress.

• Mathematics could be used to solve all human problems.

• The ancient Romans had the best form of government.

• People should give up their natural rights to their rulers.

According to John Locke, the chief role of government was to

• protect natural rights

• fight territorial wars

• ensure the wealth of citizens

• redistribute land

… Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and from executive power. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor.…

—Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws

In this passage, Montesquieu is making reference to

• an enlightened despotism

• a policy of mercantilism

• a separation of powers

• a social contract

The writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau, Baron de Montesquieu, and John Locke were similar in that each supported the principles of

• a military dictatorship

• an autocracy

• a theocratic society

• a democratic republic