U 1 -STUDY GUIDE: Universe and Solar System [1]

Which model correctly shows the levels of organization of the universe?

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Like all of the planets in the solar system, Earth orbits around the Sun. The picture shows the Earth's orbit. Which factor controls the motion of a planet's orbit in the solar system?

• the gravitational pull of the Sun

• the speed of the planet's rotation

• the revolution of the planet on an axis

• the amount of gases in the planet's atmosphere

How do the distances of the planets from the Sun influence their surface and atmospheric conditions?

• The four planets closest to the Sun have the largest diameters, and the four planets farthest from the Sun have the smallest diameters.

• The four planets closest to the Sun have the warmest temperatures, and the four planets farthest from the Sun have the coolest temperatures.

• The four planets closest to the Sun have the lowest number of planets suitable for life, and the four planets farthest from the Sun have the highest number of planets suitable for life.

• The four planets closest to the Sun have the highest amount of helium in the atmosphere, and the four planets farthest from the Sun have the smallest amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.

The time line shows how the theories of the solar system changed over time. Nicolaus Copernicus released a book on heliocentrism in 1543. Which of the following is most likely something Copernicus did NOT do before releasing this book?

• He checked and studied the work of other scientists on this subject.

• He shared his information with other scientists to hear their thoughts.

• He questioned the geocentric model to find out where it was incorrect.

• He accepted the information of other scientists without testing it himself.

Based on the time line, which scientist checked the evidence of the heliocentric model by using a telescope?

• Galileo Galilei

• Johannes Kepler

• Claudius Ptolemaeus

• Nicolaus Copernicus

Which theory does this model best support?

• special relativity

• heliocentric

• big bang

• geocentric

The diagrams show two models. Which statement best describes both models?

• Model X is the heliocentric model in which Earth is the center of the solar system; model Y is the geocentric model in which the Sun is the center of the solar system.

• Model X is the geocentric model in which the Sun is the center of the solar system; model Y is the heliocentric model in which Earth is the center of the solar system.

• Model X is the heliocentric model in which the Sun is the center of the solar system; model Y is the geocentric model in which Earth is the center of the solar system.

• Model X is the geocentric model in which Earth is the center of the solar system; model Y is the heliocentric model in which the Sun is the center of the solar system.

Two scientists are attempting to determine whether an object is a comet or an asteroid. Scientist 1 determines that the object is a comet while scientist 2 determines that the

object is an asteroid. Which scientist is correct and why?

Question Answer

Where was the object observed? The Oort Cloud

What is the object made of? Dust and ice

Does the object have a visible tail? No

• Scientist 1 is correct. Because comets are made of dust and ice, comets are more likely to be found in the Oort cloud than asteroids, and only asteroids, not comets, develop tails as they approach the Sun.

• Scientist 2 is correct. Because asteroids are made of dust and ice, asteroids are more likely to be found in the Oort cloud than comets, and an asteroid would not develop a visible tail that far away from the Sun.

• Scientist 1 is correct. Because comets are made of dust and ice, comets are more likely to be found in the Oort cloud than asteroids, and a comet would not develop a visible tail that far away from the Sun.

• Scientist 2 is correct. Because asteroids are made of dust and ice, asteroids are more likely to be found in the Oort cloud than comets, and only comets, not asteroids, develop tails as they approach the Sun.

Ariana is drawing a representation of the Milky Way galaxy. She wants to make sure it is the correct shape, and that she correctly labels both the object at the galaxy's center and the area of the galaxy where the Sun is located. What should she draw?

• She should draw a spiral galaxy. The center should be labeled "black hole.” The Sun should be placed on the Orion Arm, about midway between the center and edge of the galaxy.

• She should draw an elliptical galaxy. The center should be labeled “black hole.” The Sun should be placed in the Large Magellanic Cloud, near the edge of the galaxy.

• She should draw an elliptical galaxy. The center should labeled “neutron star.” The Sun should be placed in the Crab Nebula, about midway between the center and edge of the galaxy.

• She should draw a spiral galaxy. The center should be labeled “neutron star.” The Sun should be placed on the Perseus Arm, near the center of the galaxy.

These planets from the solar system are drawn to scale. Which planets are X and Y?

• X is Venus and Y is Mars.

• X is Mars and Y is Venus.

• X is Mercury and Y is Mars.

• X is Mars and Y is Mercury.