002 - The Reformation - Spielvogel Ch. 13

The northern Christian humanists

• wished to continue the complicated theological arguments of the Middle Ages.

• were characterized by their pessimistic view of human nature

• did not believe that education could increase personal piety

• rejected the simple religion of the early Church

• championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church

Luther's religious crisis came to a head over his growing belief that

• the Bible had passages which were contradictory

• the legitimacy of the Catholic Church should never be questioned

• no amount of good works could satisfy God's righteousness

• an all-powerful God did not care about humans

• there seemed to be no sure proof of God's existence

The early fifteenth century religious reformer who was burned at the stake was

• John Wycliffe

• Erasmus

• Ignatius of Loyola

• John Calvin

• John Hus

Luther's break with the Church was prompted by

• the Council of Pisa's declaration that maintained the necessity of purgatory for salvation

• the increase of papal taxes on the German peasantry

• widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks

• the declaration that the German clergy must pay taxes

• the papacy's threat to depose the German emperor

The Peasants' War of 1524-1525

• was led by a radical ex-follower of Luther, Philip Melanchthon

• furthered the spread of Lutheranism throughout all of Europe

• was praised by Luther as it destroyed the great Catholic princes of Germany

• was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.

• had no connection with any of Luther's ideas and beliefs

Which of the following was not a central belief of Lutheranism?

• Justification is by faith alone

• Only two of the Catholic sacraments were accurate and worth keeping

• God's word is found in scripture alone

• The pope is a false representative of Christ on earth

• The sale of indulgences is a proper revenue source for a church

In the eastern part of his empire, Charles V faced a threat to his power from

• France

• the Austrian Empire

• the League of Cambrai

• Muscovy

• the Ottoman Empire

The Peace of Augsburg brought an end to

• the Peasants War

• the Habsburg-Valois Wars

• the Schmalkaldic Wars

• the War between the Holy Roman Empire and the Turks

• the conflict between Luther and Zwingli

The Swiss religious reformer who established the Protestant Reformation in Zürich was

• Philip Melanchthon

• Jacob Hutter

• Ulrich Zwingli

• Michael Servetus

• John Calvin

The Anabaptists

• gained most popularity in England and Ireland

• were not regarded as a political threat as they preached separation between church and state

• were founded by Conrad Grebel, beginning as an elitist movement

• advocated adult baptism, and if they had been baptized as children, a second baptism

• peacefully merged with the Calvinists and Lutherans