Enlightenment

In Rousseau's The Social Contract, he expressed his belief that

• a child was a small adult with all the same abilities and obligations.

• the individual's will is the most important.

• government was necessary to protect the rights of its citizens, but may be overthrown.

• government was an evil that should be totally eliminated.

The Philosophes particularly admired England because of

• the continued success of its mercantile empire.

• its constitutional monarchy, freedom of speech, and policy of religious toleration.

• the deistic position of the Church of England.

• the literary genius of Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Fielding.

The life and career of Cesare Beccaria was dedicated to the idea that

• the only reason for punishment was to prevent future crimes and should not include inhumane treatment.

• human progress would result from a completely new scientific method.

• the philosophes were atheists and should be persecuted as heretics.

• the laws ought to be reformed to protect middle class private property

Who believed Christianity, Judaism and Islam were 3 versions of the same truth?

• Denis Diderot.

• Immanuel Kant.

• Gotthold Lessing.

• Voltaire.

Which of the following encouraged the spread of Enlightenment ideas?

• Salons

• the book trade.

• Masonic Lodges

• all of these.

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, was his

• 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.

• great play "Is Rome Burning?"

• autobiography published in French.

• biography of Newton, "the greatest European."

For the Philosophes, an important implication of the concept of a tabula rasa discussed in Essay Concerning Human Understanding was

• its emphasis on political and economic liberalism.

• that private property was the foundation of all legitimate government.

• that environment and education determines all social progress.

• that all humans are equal in natural and all other rights.

The French philosophes

• flourished in an atmosphere of government support.

• sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines.

• supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.

• were free thinkers unhampered by the constraints of religion or doctrine.

Deism was based on

• the divinity of Jesus as prime mover of the rational universe.

• the idea of God as a divine clock-maker who doesn’t show interest in the world.

• God answering prayers directed to him in song.

• the denial of the existence of a Supreme Being.

In the Spirit of the Laws, Baron de Montesquieu argued

• that the government that governs least governs best.

• that all political institutions ought to conform to environmental conditions.

• in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government.

• that Christianity was responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire.