Mate-retention strategies are adaptive for males because they __________.

• reduce sexual jealousy
• avoid risk of cuckoldry
• reduce aggression

Monitoring your partner’s behaviour is an example of __________.

• physical violence
• negative inducements
• direct guarding

Male bullying is adaptive because it ____________.

• ensures access to females
• increases competition from other males
• reduces reproductive success

Female bullying is adaptive because it ____________.

• is secures a partner’s Ferrari

• it secures a partner’s fidelity

• it secures a partner’s infidelity

Men using mate-retention strategies are more likely to use _________.

• physical violence
• non-physical violence
• verbal violence

Females are less aggressive than males because _______________.

• aggression is risky for offspring
• they are physically weaker
• aggression is not adaptive for females

Cultural differences show that aggression is mostly __________.

• innate
• learned
• unplanned

Correlational research allows us to conclude aggression is ______________.

• fully explained by evolution
• is caused by adaptive factors
• is linked to adaptive factors

The evolutionary explanation acknowledges gender differences in aggression because males are _________a mate with females being ___________ her offspring

• less aggressive to secure; less aggressive to protect
• less aggressive to secure; more aggressive to protect
• more aggressive to secure; less aggressive to protect

Differences found in the aggression shown by members of the !Kung San and Yanomamo tribes are attributed to _________.

• cultural differences
• individual differences
• political differences