psychology chapter 12

Pg. 402: When our own behaviors lead to negative consequences we attribute them to external, situational causes. We attribute others negative behaviors to internal, personal causes. This is referred to as:

• deindividuation

• the actor-observer discrepancy

• cognitive dissonance

• diffusion of responsibility

The just-world hypothesis

• is the process of inferring the cause of someones behavior, including your own.

• is the idea that we have a psychological need to believe the world is just; otherwise we are not safe so we '"blame the victim".

• is the idea that we are more likely to use an external, situational attribution when we are the actor.

• Is a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way.

Pg. 429; Racial and ethnic groups are more alike than they are different.

• True

• False

The tendency to blame ourselves for our failures, attributing them to internal, personal causes, while downplaying our successes by attributing them to external, situational causes and is most common in collectivistic cultures often found in Asia.

• self-effacing bias

• actor-observer discrepancy

• blaming the victim

• self-serving bias

Stereotypes are easy to change once they are formed.

• true

• false

Pg. 428; Muzafer Sherif's work with 11-year old boys at a summer camp demonstrated that:

• social contact between two groups greatly reduced conflict and hostility.

• it was hard to establish in-group/out-group conflict because there were no intrinsic differences between the two groups.

• when situation were created that required cooperation and the joint efforts of both groups, conflict and hostility between them were reduced.

• competition between the two groups greatly increased harmony between them.

Pg. 417; When people yield to real or imagined social pressures it is called:

• conformity

• self-serving bias

• obedience

• attitude

Pg. 418; Although subjects frequently protested, the vast majority ,_____ ,delivered the entire series of shocks to the learner.

• 45%

• 65%

• 55%

• 85%

Pg. 418-419; Milgram was influenced by Asch's conformity research but he posed a more critical question, namely:

• Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong?

• How does the reduction of self-awareness and inhibition influence people to help others?

• What factors influence people to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort?

• Could people be pressured by others into committing an immoral act or taking an action that violated their conscience, such as hurting a stranger?

A cluster of characteristics that are attributed to members of a specific social group or category is called;

• stereotypes

• conformity

• blaming the victim

• delusions