AP Psych - Chapter 11 - Development

The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death is known as

• maturation

• the perinatal period

• development

• childhood

When the same subjects are repeatedly compared at different points in time, the study is called a

• cross-sectional study

• longitudinal study

• cross-cultural study

• sequential study

The close, emotional bond of affection between an infant and its caregiver is called

• attachment

• dependency

• imprinting

• identification

How do children develop special attachments to their mothers, according to John Bowlby?

• The mother provides innate contact comfort to the infant.

• The infant is biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers a protective response from adult females.

• The mother becomes a conditioned reinforcer because she is associated with the reinforcing act of being fed.

• Maternal attachment behavior is the result of reproductive fitness.

Ainsworth’s strategy for studying infant attachment to caregivers is known as the __________ procedure.

• secure-avoidant

• shared inhibition

• attachment probing

• strange situation

Harlow's research with monkeys raised with two types of artificial mothers found that when frightened, infant monkeys went to the artificial mother that

• provided food

• did not provide food

• was made of cloth

• was made of wire

Stage theories of development assume that

• individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage.

• environmental circumstances can sometimes cause individuals to skip stages early on and return to them later.

• progress through the sequence of stages is not related to age.

• there are few, if any, discontinuities in development.

Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around potential turning points called

• fixation points

• psychosocial crises

• development tasks

• psychosexual crises

For Erikson, the stage during which toilet training occurs is

• trust versus mistrust

• industry versus inferioty

• autonomy versus shame and doubt

• initiative versus guilt

Charlie Brown of the "Peanuts" cartoon strip is always trying to kick the football; however he never seems to succeed. According to Erikson, Charlie will most likely develop the basic characteristic of

• guilt

• autonomy

• inferiority

• role confusion