AP Psychology Unit 7

Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce

• confirmation bias.
• the framing effect.
• functional fixedness.
• heuristics

The earliest stage of speech development is called the ________ stage.

• grammatical
• one-word
  
• telegraphic speech
  
• babbling
  

Which of the following is the best example of framing?

• Alex was locked out of his car. He didn't think to use a coat hanger to unlock the door before calling the police.
• Zach felt very certain that he knew all the concepts in Chapter 2, so he was surprised to get 65 percent on the exam.
• Despite reading several research studies demonstrating that therapeutic touch is no more effective than a placebo in treating pain, Miriam still considers it a valid treatment option.
• A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.

The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called

• functional fixedness.
• belief perseverance.
• the representativeness heuristic.
• confirmation bias.

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory.

• state-dependent
• long-term
• implicit
• flashbulb

The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:

• We generalize our views to other, nonrepresentativeness heuristics
•  The representativeness  algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristic
•  Possible variations in the prototype are considered
•  We fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist

The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:

• Cognition
• Learning
• Perception
• Sensation

A dessert recipe that gives you the ingredients, their amounts and the steps to follow is an example of a(n):

• Prototype
• Algorithm
• Heuristic
• Mental set

The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:

• Cognition
• Learning
• Perception
• Sensation

When Janice forgot to pack a pillow for her camping trip she used her down-jacket as a substitute pillow. In this situation Janice:

• Was not constrained by functional fixedness
• Was constrained by a mental set
• Was constrained by functional fixedness
• Used an algorithm to solve her problem