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The Revolutionary War was a time of great division. Americans were split into two groups: Patriots and Loyalists. Patriots were Americans who supported the struggle for independence. They believed that Americans should be free from the control of an English king. They fought against the English to establish a new government in America. Loyalists were Americans who remained loyal to the crown. Some of them were happy under English rule. Others believed that they might be rewarded after the Americans lost the war. Though both Patriots and Loyalists lived in America, a deep division ran between them.

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CCSS.RI.9-10.3

CCSS.RI.9-10.5

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There were many important battles in the Revolutionary War, but perhaps none were more important than the Battles of Saratoga. The results of the Battles of Saratoga shifted the momentum of the war toward the Americans. Though they had previously lost numerous battles, the Americans captured British General Burgoyne’s army during the Battles of Saratoga. This victory convinced other countries, especially France, that the Americans could win the war. Because of this, not only did France declare war on England, but other nations also began openly supporting the American fight for independence. The Battles of Saratoga will be remembered as a pivotal moment in this fight.

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In most cases American soldiers could not stand toe-to-toe against British soldiers. The British were better trained, better armed, and more experienced. When the American soldiers attempted to match the British, they suffered heavy losses. The Americans had to use what advantages they had, so they developed what are now known as Guerilla Warfare tactics. Guerrilla warfare is a form of fighting where small groups of fighters use ambushes, sabotages, and the elements of surprise to harass a larger, less mobile army. By using Guerilla Warfare tactics, American soldiers were able to equalize some of the British’s advantages on the battlefield.

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American soldiers during the Revolutionary War suffered horrible conditions to win independence. You can experience some of these conditions by eating the same food that soldiers ate at Valley Forge: fire cake. Fire cake is a horrible tasting blob of burnt gluten. To make some first mix flour with water until you get thick, damp dough. Then, form it into a cake and in your palms. Put this doughy lump on a greased cookie sheet and bake it until it is brown. This will be very similar to the awful fire cakes that American soldiers ate at Valley Forge. Enjoy!

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During the Revolutionary War, Americans learned just how important friends can be. When the Americans declared independence on July 4^th, 1776, they had virtually no allies. But on February 6^th, 1778, after the American victory at Saratoga, the French assisted the American cause. The French went into deep debt helping the Americans. The Americans would receive additional help in June of 1779, when the Spanish joined the fight against the British. They would secure Southern ports and supply lines. Without the help of these allies, many more Americans would have died in the fight for independence.

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For the purposes of shipping and transportation, there are two different classes of explosives: the old classes and the new classes. Employees must be familiar with both. Under the old classes, there were three groups of explosives: A, B, and C. The old classes were American and were helpful in restricting the shipping of fireworks within the country, but they did not work well when people tried to import or export explosives to and from different countries. Under the new classes, fireworks are broken into groups with names such as: 1.1G, 1.2G, and 1.4S. This new system not only restricts fireworks shipments within the nation, like the old classes, but it also restricts international shipments. The new system was created by the United Nations, so many nations use it; unlike the old system, which was only used by America. The question of which system is the best remains one of the most explosive issues of our day.

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We have celebrated Independence Day with a fireworks show on the first Saturday of July ever since our town was incorporated in 1963. This celebration has brought together the old and the young alike in a mutual display of patriotism and national pride. We regret to inform you that due to problems with the budget, there will be no fireworks show this year… unless we can raise the $20,000 to pay for the show. You can help by donating your old knickknacks. We are having a charity garage sale this Saturday and all proceeds will go toward the fireworks show. If you do not have any knickknacks, we will also accept money, printer cartridges, and old cell phones. Together, we can keep these hard times from becoming bad times.

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In order to overcome a shortage of fresh water resources, Saudi Arabia has led the world in usage of water from desalinization plants. The removal of salt from the water is completed at highly sophisticated water treatment plants along the Persian Gulf.

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Physical geography was similarly unkind to the ancient civilizations of India and China. The Himalayan Mountains to the north, the Hindu Kush Mountains and Thar Desert to the west, and the Indian Ocean to the south essentially prohibited India from interacting with other people. The Chinese were also virtually locked in by their physical geography with the Gobi Desert to the north, the Plateau of Tibet and the Himalayan Mountains to the west and south, and the vast Pacific Ocean to the east.

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