Chapter 19 Reading Review

Beginning in the 1850s and accelerating in the late nineteenth century, the spread of railroads in the United States spurred the growth of

• suburbs.

• crime.

• skyscrapers.

• nightlife.

What allowed engineers and planners in the second half of the nineteenth century to develop a new urban geography in the United States?

• New technologies

• The upsurge in immigration

• Europe's decline

• A gradual change in climate

The nation's first electric trolley car system was built in which American city?

• New York

• Boston

• Richmond

• Philadelphia

Why did big cities in the United States become sites of manufacturing as well as finance and trade after the Civil War?

• There were now enough immigrants in urban areas to work in factories.

• City governments had begun to welcome factories for their property taxes.

• The high skills demanded in new manufacturing could only be found in cities.

• Steam engines allowed factory operators to move away from water-driven power.

How did adoption of steam power change manufacturing in the middle and late nineteenth century?

• By moving it to rural areas

• By vastly expanding scale

• By calling for more skilled laborers

• By raising costs

Which city was the first to build an underground railroad line?

• Richmond

• Chicago

• New York

• Boston

Why were skyscrapers an impetus to urban development?

• They made it possible to crowd more work and living space into a given area.

• They were cheap to build because of the falling cost of steel.

• They gave a city a unique skyline that helped identify it.

• They became home to huge factories that employed growing numbers of city residents.

How did Henry Huntington expand the suburban ideal in southern California in the early twentieth century?

• He drew on his strong political ties to Los Angeles city government.

• He used his family's fortune to buy up real estate and subdivide it into lots.

• He engineered a new form of mass production in housing

• He was an urban planner who inspired the "City Beautiful" movement.

How did the development of outlying suburbs in the middle and late nineteenth century change the social structure of cities?

• By separating well-off suburbanites from working-class urbanites

• By forcing the poor to live in far-flung suburbs and rely on commuting to get to work

• By making suburbs predominantly female and cities largely male

• By segregating African Americans into outlying suburbs

What was the key to the successful building of skyscrapers in American cities in the late nineteenth century?

• Redwood timber, which was stronger than traditional pine

• Machinery that could dig very deep foundations

• New designs that transferred all loads to the outside walls

• An interior skeleton made of manufactured steel beams