Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

Major motivations for European exploration of the world's oceans included all of the following EXCEPT

• the search for raw materials and mineral resources.

• the search for new lands to settle and cultivate.

• population pressures in Europe.

• the desire to trade directly with Asian markets.

• the urge to extend Christianity beyond Europe.

Portuguese sailors were able to tack against the prevailing winds by using

• a combination of square and lateen sails.

• a sternpost rudder.

• a magnetic compass.

• an astrolabe.

• a sextant.

European and Arab mariners in the fifteenth century determined latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or pole star above the horizon with

• a magnetic compass.

• a telescope.

• an astrolabe or cross staff.

• a mechanical clock.

• None of these answers is correct.

By the mid-fifteenth century, Portuguese mariners used a strategy called the volta do mar, which

• enabled them to sail directly into the wind.

• enabled them to measure their location north and south of the equator with accuracy.

• allowed them to avoid the use of sails for extended periods of time.

• enabled them to sail with westerly winds rather than force their way against trade winds.

• allowed them to sneak up on their enemies unannounced.

The sea route to the Indian Ocean discovered by Vasco da Gama offered European merchants

• a chance to trade with Muslim intermediaries.

• a chance to buy goods directly from Indian merchants.

• quicker access to the slave trade of west Africa.

• proof that the earth was round.

• None of these answers is correct.

Christopher Columbus believed that by sailing west 2,500 nautical miles he would

• reach the Canary Islands and initiate a spice trade with the natives.

• find a direct and profitable route to Japan.

• discover a new continent and lost city of gold.

• find a quick passage around Africa.

• None of these answers is correct.

By 1800 European exploration of the Pacific Ocean resulted in all of the following EXCEPT

• the discovery of a northwest passage from Europe to Asia.

• the first complete circumnavigation of the world.

• the mapping of Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the South Pacific.

• exploration of the coast of Alaska and the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

• European colonization of the Philippines.

Portuguese mariners succeeded in building a trading-post empire early in the sixteenth century for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

• the ruthless policies of naval commander Afonso d'Alboquerque.

• the head start that Portugal enjoyed over other European powers in the exploration of the Indian Ocean.

• the use of heavy artillery to overpower other craft and onshore sites.

• the Portuguese control of strategic ports such as Hormuz and Melaka.

• the superiority of the Portuguese navy over English and Dutch forces.

The English East India Company and the VOC were privately owned companies that enjoyed all of the following advantages EXCEPT

• funds to outfit ships and hire crews.

• commodities and money for trade.

• direct government supervision.

• the potential for tremendous profits.

• heavily armed ships to back up their demands.

Spanish forces were able to conquer the Philippines because of the

• assistance of China and India.

• lack of a centralized, powerful state to organize resistance.

• unhappiness of many of the Philippine people with Muslim rule.

• desire of the island chiefdoms to enter into a treaty with the Spanish.

• eagerness of many islanders to convert to Christianity.