Review Group 4

7E: In the 1940s, the scientist J. B. S. Haldane linked many human red blood cells disorders with the tropical regions where malaria occurs. Haldane hypothesized that the widespread presence of these red blood cell disorders as well as traits that protect individuals from malaria were the result of natural selection. Haldane's hypothesis was later confirmed by the research of A. C. Allison. The resistance to malaria carried by individuals in areas where malaria is widespread is the result of:

• a vaccine against malaria

• the individuals' genetic composition

• antibiotics medications

• the individuals' behavior in avoiding those with infection

7A: Researchers studying populations of lizards from the genus Gallotia on the Canary Islands compared the protein cytochrome B in different populations. The table shows the number of differences in the cytochrome B protein between different populations. Which conclusion about the relatedness of the lizards do the data support?

• G. atlantica and G. stehlini are the least closely related

• G. simonyi and G. bravoana are the most closely related

• G. galloti eisentrauti and G. galloti palmae are the most closely related

• G. galloti eisentrauti and G. galloti galloti are the least closely related

7E: The table shows the survival rate of two types of beetles in the same environment over a period of three years. Which statement about the beetles in this environment is best supported by the data?

• Green beetles are more fit for the environment than brown beetles are.

• Brown beetles undergo a greater number of unfavorable mutations than green beetles do

• Green beetles have a greater gene frequency among their population than brown beetles have.

• Brown beetles have a shorter life cycle than green beetles have.

7A: Cetaceans are whales and their relatives. The diagram shows some fossils of cetaceans. Which statement provides the best evidence that Ambulocetus natans is an ancestor of Basilosaurus isis?

• Homologous structures occur in each fossil

• Similar nitrogenous bases are found in the DNA of each fossil

• The fossils were found in different locations

• The youngest fossil is larger than the older fossils

7A: Bactrian camels, dromedaries, llamas, and alpacas are all members of the same taxonomic family, Camelidae. Members of this family all have two toes, no hooves, true canine teeth, and a split upper lip. The family Camelidae originated in North America. The physical features of animals in this family and the family's geographical origin provide evidence that all these animals:

• Live in the same type of ecosystem

• Have slowly evolved to become herbivores

• Have a common ancestor

• Exchanged DNA at some point in the past

7C: The quiver tree grows in desert areas in southern Africa. In recent decades, average temperatures have been rising in southern Africa. Scientists predict that this warming trend will continue. Quiver trees in the hottest parts of their range near the equator are dying, but quiver trees at high elevations or in parts of the range that are farther from the equator are growing and reproducing. Which of these best explains what is happening to the quiver tree population in southern Africa?

• Individual quiver trees are unable to adjust to the rising temperatures, and only those in cooler parts of the range will survive

• The quiver tree species is unable to survive rising temperatures throughout its range. The species is likely to undergo rapid extinction.

• Individual quiver trees can quickly adapt to rising temperatures. Individual trees will change their method of seed dispersal in cooler parts of the range.

• The quiver tree species will survive by producing offspring suited for warmer temperatures.

7D: The green frog (Lithobates clamitans clamitans) is found in many parts of the United States. The table contains some information about this frog. Why does the ability to lay 1,000 to 5,000 eggs increase the fitness of the species L. clamitans clamitans?

• It increases opportunities for offspring to compete for limited resources

• It increases the probability that some offspring will survive long enough to reproduce

• It increases the probability that moving water will promote gene flow from one population to another.

• It increases the chance of the recombination of alleles, leading to genetic drift in the population.

7E: A prey population consists of individuals with a variety of running speeds. The adaptation that allows some of these animals to run fast would be an example of natural selection if it helps them:

• survive and undergo mutations in their DNA

• lower the mortality rates of the population

• produce offspring that run at average speeds

• reproduce and increase the frequency of their genes in the population

7A: In 2010, scientists excavated a skull fossil that provides evidence of a newly discovered species of big cat. Based on the evidence, scientists hypothesize that big cats branced off from smaller wild cats about 6 million years ago. Which of these resources did the scientists most likely rely on to form their hypothesis?

• A food web showing feeding relationships of organisms where the fossil skull was found

• Population and migration data for small wild cats living in the ecosystem where the skull was found

• The fossil record and DNA comparisons of big cats and small cats

• The historical record of interactions between different species of big cats

7D: Which condition is essential for natural selection to result in a new species?

• Unlimited resources

• An inherited variation

• A static environment

• A long life span