Gene Expression

The cells that make up the skin of an individual have some functions different from the cells that make up the liver because

• environment and past history have no influence on cell function

• different parts of genetic instructions are used in different types of cells

• different cells have different genetic material

• all cells have a common ancestor

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After a series of cell divisions, an embryo develops different types of body cells such as muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells. This development occurs because

• different segments of the genetic instructions are used to produce different types of cells

• some parts of the genetic materials are lost as a result of fertilization

• the genetic code changes as the cell divides

• different genetic instructions are synthesized to meet the needs of new types of cells

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In a certain type of corn, the kernels turn red when exposed to sunlight. In the absence of sunlight, the kernels remain yellow. Based on this information, it can be concluded that the color of these kernels is due to

• the effect of sunlight on the number of chromosomes inherited

• a different species of corn that is produced in sunlight

• a different type of DNA that is produced when sunlight is present

• the effect of environment on gene expression

Which statement provides the best evidence that the environment interacts with genes in the development and expression of inherited traits?

• Identical twins who have not been raised together show differences in height and weight

• Organisms produced asexually are genetically identical

• Mutations happen randomly and may be harmful or helpful to organisms

• People who have cancer can pass the defective gene on to their offspring

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Identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different homes may vary in height, weight, and intelligence. The most probable explanation for these differences is

• environments in which they were raised were different enough to change the genetic makeup of both individuals

• original genes of each twin increased in number as they developed

• environments in which they were raised were different enough to affect the expression of their genes

• one twin received genes only from the mother while the other twin received genes only from the father

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During the summer, the arctic fox produces enzymes that cause its fur to become reddish brown. During the winter, these enzymes do not function. As a result, the fox has a white coat that blends into the snowy background. This change in fur color shows that

• the expression of certain genes is affected by temperature

• random alteration of DNA can occur on certain chromosomes

• the genes of a fox are made of unstable DNA

• mutations can be caused by temperature extremes

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A human kidney cell and a human heart cell in the same person can have the same genetic instructions. However, these cells are different because the liver cell

• can reproduce but the skin cell cannot

• uses different genes than the skin cell

• carries out respiration but the skin cell does not

• has more dominant traits than the skin cell

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Stem cells can develop into a variety of specialized cells. Various factors can cause stem cells to develop into different types of mature cells. These different types of mature cells result from

• similar steps in the development of the cells and a reduction in the # of chromosomes in each cell

• different antibodies and mitotic cell division

• different environments of the cells and the functioning of different parts of the genetic code

• identical genetic codes and meiotic cell division

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The enzyme pepsin is produced in the cells of the stomach, but not in the cells of the small intestine. The small intestine produces a different enzyme, trypsin. The reason that the stomach and small intestine produce different enzymes is that the gene that codes for pepsin is

• mutated in the small intestine

• in the cells of the stomach, but not in the cells of the small intestine

• expressed in the stomach, but not expressed in the small intestine

• digested by the trypsin in the small intestine

Genes are inherited, but their expressions can be modified by the environment. This statement explains why

• animals can be cloned, but plants cannot

• offspring produced by means of sexual reproduction look exactly like their parents

• identical twins who grow up in different homes have the same characteristics

• some animals have dark fur only when the temperature is within a certain range

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