Speech Perception 1

Which is NOT an example of Bottom-up Processing?

• when we use lexical information to help in noisy environments
• when we use redundancy in the signal - coarticulation helps
• when we perceve categories of sounds (phonemes), not allophones
• when we perceive ratios of vowel formants, not absolutes

The length of time between the release of a stop consonant & the beginning of the following vowel's voicing is called:

• Voice Onset Time
• coarticulation
• Categorical Perception
• the Ganong Effect

What kinds of speech sounds can easily be identified by the shapes of their formants + formant transitions?

• vowels
• consonants
• syllables
• all phonemes

What kind of experiment is it when a researcher asks whether 2 sounds are the same or different and records the subjects' answers & reaction times?

• Discrimination Task on adults
• Discrimination Task on babies
• Head-Turn Experiment on adults
• the McGurk Effect on adults

What kinds of boundaries can be heard in the speech signal AND seen in speech spectrograms?

• sometimes phrase & sentence boundaries
• word boundaries
• phoneme boundaries
• syllable boundaries

What are the dark bands on spectrograms that reflect the energy of the sound?

• formants
• phonemes
• allophones
• diacritics

Which is NOT an example of variability in the speech signal?

• the lack of boundaries between words and phonemes
• people with different sized/shaped vocal tracts
• people talking in noisy environments
• dialect / idiolect differences

Given a speech continuum like gift-kift: a category boundary (k or g?) will shift toward the real word. This is:

• the Ganong Effect
• the McGurk Effect
• the Phoneme Restoration Effect
• the Phonotactic Constraint Effect

When we produce speech sounds, their characteristics seem to overlap upon each other. Each speech sound is influenced by, and becomes more like, a preceding or following speech sound. This is called what?

• coarticulation
• Categorical Perception
• the McGurk Effect
• the Grammaticality Effect

Why can infants perceive phonemes from foreign languages that adults can't?

• They haven't developed phoneme categories for their native tongue(s) yet.
• They haven't developed vowel formant ratios for their native tongue(s) yet.
• They haven't figured out coarticulation yet.
• They haven't figured out redundancy in the signal yet.