Cladograms and Phylogenetic Trees

Each node on a cladogram represents...

• the last point at which two groups shared a common ancestor.

• the point at which one or more species became extinct.

• the most recent point at which a trait was lost in a certain clade.

• the point at which two clades joined and became monophyletic.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-1

Which statement below correctly explains and gives the importance of the endosymbiotic theory?

• The endosymbiotic theory states that the inner and outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum indicates these were once free living organisms which were taken into an early cell via endocytosis. The theory was further supported by the presence of prokaryotic ribosomes and replication of the endoplasmic reticulum via binary fission.

• The endosymbiotic theory states that the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria indicates these were once free living organisms which were taken into an early cell via endocytosis. The theory was further supported by the presence of prokaryotic ribosomes and replication of mitochondria via binary fission.

• The endosymbiotic theory states that through endocytosis, early prokaryotic cells were able to bring in additional nutrients. These additional nutrients provided important energy that drove evolution of these prokaryotic cells into the eukaryotic cells seen today in more advanced organisms.

• The endosymbiotic theory states that through endocytosis, early prokaryotic cells were able to bring in early energy rich eukaryotic cells. The energy provided drove evolution of these prokaryotic cells into the eukaryotic cells seen today in more advanced organisms.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-1

Two students are reading an article about the evidence of the endosymbiotic theory. As they are reading, they have drawn images of what they believe to be occurring on index cards. The two students are engaging in a discussion on how the index cards should be ordered to accurately show the evolution of eukaryotic cells.

Student A claims the order should be B, E, D, A, C. Their reasoning is that since the small circles without lines in the index cards represent chloroplasts, photosynthesizing organisms evolved before respirating organisms.

Student B claims the order should be B, A, C, E, D. Their reasoning is that since the small ovals with lines in the index cards represent mitochondria, respiratory organisms evolved before photosynthesizing organisms

Use the diagram shown to answer the question.

Which statement below is accurate about the discussion and diagram?

• Student A has a correct ordering of index cards but incorrect reasoning.

• Student A has a correct ordering of index cards and correct reasoning.

• Student B has a correct ordering of index cards and correct reasoning.

• Student B has a correct ordering of index cards but incorrect reasoning.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-1

NGSS.HS-LS4-2

Which explanation best identifies what Cell A and Cell B are?

• Cell A must be an aerobic prokaryote Cell B must be a photosynthesizing prokaryote. This is because early eukaryotic cells engulfed chloroplast-like prokaryotes first and then proceeded to engulf mitochondria-like prokaryotes. All eukaryotic cells contain chloroplasts, but not all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria.

• Cell A must be an aerobic prokaryote Cell B must be a photosynthesizing prokaryote. This is because early eukaryotic cells engulfed mitochondria like prokaryotes first and then proceeded to engulf chloroplast like prokaryotes. All eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, but not all eukaryotic cells contain chloroplasts.

• Cell A must be a photosynthesizing prokaryote Cell B must be an aerobic prokaryote. This is because early eukaryotic cells engulfed mitochondria like prokaryotes first and then proceeded to engulf chloroplast like prokaryotes. All eukaryotic cells contain chloroplasts, but not all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria.

• Cell A must be a photosynthesizing prokaryote Cell B must be an aerobic prokaryote. This is because early eukaryotic cells engulfed chloroplast-like prokaryotes first and then proceeded to engulf mitochondria-like prokaryotes. All eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, but not all eukaryotic cells contain chloroplasts.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-5

What is the best inference about biochemical relationships that could be made from this model?

• The amino acid sequences of a lancelet and a tuna are more similar than that of a tuna and a salamander. This is due to the lancelet and the tuna both residing entirely in water while the salamander can survive on land.

• The amino acid sequences of a salamander and a turtle are less similar than that of a turtle and a leopard. This is due to the turtle and the salamander both being adapted to life in water or land.

• The amino acid sequences of a lancelet and a tuna are less similar than that of a tuna and a salamander. This is due to the lancelet and the tuna splitting from a common ancestor longer ago.

• The amino acid sequences of a salamander and a turtle are more similar than that of a turtle and a leopard. This is due to the turtle and the salamander both being adapted to life in water or land.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-1

NGSS.HS-LS4-4

NGSS.HS-LS4-2

The cladogram shown is a model used by scientists to represent the order in which they hypothesize organisms descended from a common ancestor based on the appearance of derived characteristics.

Which of the following traits do the salamander and the lizard share?

• Jaws only

• Jaws and Lungs

• Claws or nails

• Jaws, Lungs, and Claws or nails

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NGSS.HS-LS4-1

NGSS.HS-LS4-4

The phylogenetic tree was constructed using derived traits of organisms A, B, C, D, and E. Based on the tree, which two organisms share the most derived traits?

• C and D because they share one common branch.

• C and D because they are closest to the end of the tree next to each other.

• A and B because they share the most branch points.

• A and B because they are the pair closest to the center.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-1

NGSS.HS-LS4-4

Cytochrome c is a protein made up of 104 amino acids. It is found in the mitochondria and aides in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. The data table represents the number of amino acid differences in cytochrome c between organisms A, B, C, and D.

The phylogenetic trees represent possible interpretations of the data in the chart.

Which two phylogenetic trees represent the data most accurately? (choose 2)

• 
• 
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Tags

NGSS.HS-LS4-1

NGSS.HS-LS4-4

NGSS.HS-LS4-2

NGSS.HS-LS4-3