Standard 22 Review Nixon, Ford, and Carter

"We will stay (in Vietnam) because a just nation cannot leave to the cruelties of its enemies a people who have staked their lives and independence on America's solemn pledge-a pledge which had grown through the commitment of three American Presidents. "We will stay because in Asia-and around the world-are countries whose independence rests, in large measure, on confidence in America's word and in American protection. To yield to force in Vietnam would weaken that confidence, would undermine the independence of many lands, and would whet the appetite of aggression. We would have to fight in one land, and then we would have to fight in another-or abandon much of Asia to the domination of Communists."

-Lyndon B. Johnson, State of the Union Message, January 12, 1966

The foreign policy position for Vietnam explained in the excerpt is most directly based on

• The practice of brinkmanship.

• The process of decolonization.

• The belief in the domino theory.

• The principle of mutually assured destruction.

In which way did Johnson most significantly depart from the policies of prior presidents?

• He used U.S. troops in a combat role in Vietnam.

• He attempted to negotiate with North Vietnam.

• He limited the number of troops sent to Vietnam.

• He turned over all decision making to the generals.

Which of the following best characterizes the position of the president's antiwar critics?

• The war primarily enriched the military-industrial complex.

• The conflict was primarily a civil war between factions in Vietnam.

• The containment policy would not work in Asia.

• Johnson did not want to look soft on Communism.

Which of the following best explains the result of the 1965 march from Selma to Montgomery?

• The marchers, along with Dr. King, were jailed for civil disobedience.

• Under pressure, Congress passed the most effective voting rights legislation since Reconstruction.

• There was white backlash against blacks for demanding too much.

• Race riots were sparked in cities across the nation.

Which of the following best reflects the loss of faith by younger African Americans in the non-violent civil rights movement after the March to Montgomery?

• The events that started the Watts Riot in Los Angeles.

• The conversion of Malcolm X to the Black Muslims.

• The shift in tactics of SNCC under Stokely Carmichael.

• The reaction to the Kerner Commission's findings on racism.

"We, men and women who hereby constitute ourselves as the National Organization for Women, believe that the time has come for a new movement toward equality for all women in America, and towards a full equal partnership of the sexes .... NOW Bill of Rights: Equal Rights Constitutional Amendment Enforce Law Banning Sex Discrimination in Employment Maternity Leave Rights in Employment and in Social Security Benefits Tax Deduction for Home and Child Care Expenses for Working Parents Child Care Centers Equal and Unsegregated Education Equal Job training Opportunities and Allowances for Women in Poverty Rights of Women to Control Their Reproductive Lives"

-National Organization for Women, June 1966

The 1966 NOW statement, although broadened during the conference, most emphasized which of the following?

• Child care.

• Empowerment of wives.

• Job opportunities.

• Reproduction rights.

Which of the following goals from the NOW Bill of Rights did the feminist movement most clearly fail to achieve?

• Greater assistance with child care.

• New employment opportunities.

• Passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.

• Increased reproductive rights.

Which of the following most clearly reflects the main argument in Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique?

• Women should earn college degrees and avoid early marriages.

• Women should avoid the male-dominated business world by cooperating with other businesswomen.

• Women should have separate finances to protect themselves from the rising divorce rate.

• Women should seek fulfillment in professional careers in addition to their roles as wives and mothers.

Questions 1-3 ref er to the excerpt below.

"Unlike some anticommunists ... I have always believed that we can and must communicate and, when possible, negotiate with Communist nations .... "There were, however, a few things in our favor. The most important and interesting was the Soviet split with China .... "It was often said that the key to a Vietnam settlement lay in Moscow and Peking rather than in Hanoi. . .. Aside from wanting to keep Hanoi from going over to Peking, Moscow had little stake in the outcome of the North Vietnamese cause, especially as it increasingly worked against Moscow's own major interests vis-a-vis the United States. While I understood that the Soviets were not entirely free agents where their support for North Vietnam was concerned, I nonetheless planned to bring maximum pressure to bear on them in this area."

-Richard Nixon, RN: Memoirs of Richard Nixon, 1978

Which of the following best explains why Nixon's foreign policy was a departure from the previous administrations'?

• He was the first president willing to negotiate with Communist leaders.

• He was willing to use massive bombing to force an issue.

• He turned over his foreign policy to his national security adviser.

• He exploited that Communism was not a unified world movement.

Nixon's bold move to open up relations with Communist China was helped most by

• The support of the Communist leaders in the Soviet Union.

• His long history of being a hard-line opponent of communism.

• Mao Zedong's belief that the Cultural Revolution had failed.

• His belief that Americans trusted China more than the Soviet Union.