alexander the great

a time when Greek culture spread throughout the non-Greek world

• Sophocles

• Hellenistic Era

• Pythagoras

• Thucydides

built one of the greatest cities of the ancient world and named it after himself

• Euclid

• Socrates

• Demosthenes

• Alexander the Great

“Alexander made a reconnaissance in person of the enemy’s strength and dispositions and, despite the eagerness of most of his generals, he decided against a night attack. Instead, he retired to his tent to devise his strategy. He ordered his troops to be well fed and then to rest. Darius, on the other hand, mindful of Alexander’s unpredictable manoeuvres, ordered his army to stand to throughout the night in readiness for a surprise attack. It is certain that the alertness of one side and the fatigue of the other played at least some part in the outcome of the battle next day.”—Anthony Livesey,Great Commanders and Their Battles

What did Alexander’s generals want him to do?

• stage a morning attack

• stage a night attack

• determine the enemy’s strength

• devise a strategy

“Alexander made a reconnaissance in person of the enemy’s strength and dispositions and, despite the eagerness of most of his generals, he decided against a night attack. Instead, he retired to his tent to devise his strategy. He ordered his troops to be well fed and then to rest. Darius, on the other hand, mindful of Alexander’s unpredictable manoeuvres, ordered his army to stand to throughout the night in readiness for a surprise attack. It is certain that the alertness of one side and the fatigue of the other played at least some part in the outcome of the battle next day.”—Anthony Livesey,Great Commanders and Their Battles

What did Darius expect Alexander to do?

• stage a morning attack

• stage a night attack

• wait for Darius to begin the battle

• retire to his tent

“Alexander made a reconnaissance in person of the enemy’s strength and dispositions and, despite the eagerness of most of his generals, he decided against a night attack. Instead, he retired to his tent to devise his strategy. He ordered his troops to be well fed and then to rest. Darius, on the other hand, mindful of Alexander’s unpredictable manoeuvres, ordered his army to stand to throughout the night in readiness for a surprise attack. It is certain that the alertness of one side and the fatigue of the other played at least some part in the outcome of the battle next day.”—Anthony Livesey,Great Commanders and Their Battles

The last sentence of the passage hints of what outcome?

• There is no battle.

• Darius wins the battle

• Alexander wins the battle

• They fight, but neither side wins.

“Alexander made a reconnaissance in person of the enemy’s strength and dispositions and, despite the eagerness of most of his generals, he decided against a night attack. Instead, he retired to his tent to devise his strategy. He ordered his troops to be well fed and then to rest. Darius, on the other hand, mindful of Alexander’s unpredictable manoeuvres, ordered his army to stand to throughout the night in readiness for a surprise attack. It is certain that the alertness of one side and the fatigue of the other played at least some part in the outcome of the battle next day.”—Anthony Livesey,Great Commanders and Their Battles

Who was most tired the next day?

• Darius’s army

• Alexander

• Alexander’s army

• Alexander’s generals

“Alexander made a reconnaissance in person of the enemy’s strength and dispositions and, despite the eagerness of most of his generals, he decided against a night attack. Instead, he retired to his tent to devise his strategy. He ordered his troops to be well fed and then to rest. Darius, on the other hand, mindful of Alexander’s unpredictable manoeuvres, ordered his army to stand to throughout the night in readiness for a surprise attack. It is certain that the alertness of one side and the fatigue of the other played at least some part in the outcome of the battle next day.”—Anthony Livesey,Great Commanders and Their Battles

Alexander’s army was alert because they

• had stood guard all night

• were poorly fed and tired

• expected a night attack

• were well fed and rested.

Whose armies conquered the land as far east as modern Pakistan?

• Cyrus the Great

• Philip II

• Ramses II

• Alexander the Great

“Remember only that Philip is our enemy, that he has long been robbing and insulting us, that wherever we have expected aid from others we have found hostility, that the future depends on ourselves, and that unless we are willing to fight him there we shall perhaps be forced to fight him here. . . .You need not speculate [guess] about the future except to assure yourselves that it will be disastrous unless you face the facts and do your duty.”—Demosthenes, “The First Philippic”in Orations of Demosthenes

What evidence does Demosthenes offer that Philip is a threat?

• Philip robbed and insulted them

• Philip sent them help

• Philip killed their firstborn

• Philip was their friend

“Remember only that Philip is our enemy, that he has long been robbing and insulting us, that wherever we have expected aid from others we have found hostility, that the future depends on ourselves, and that unless we are willing to fight him there we shall perhaps be forced to fight him here. . . .You need not speculate [guess] about the future except to assure yourselves that it will be disastrous unless you face the facts and do your duty.”—Demosthenes, “The First Philippic”in Orations of Demosthenes

If the Greeks do not want to fight Philip in his kingdom, where will they fight?

• at home, in Greece

• Persia

• Babylon

• Pakistan