Isms and WWI

“I gave the people to understand that neither

Turkey nor the handful of men Turkey possesses

could be placed at the disposal of the Caliph

[leader of the Muslims] so that he might fulfill

the mission attributed to him, namely to found

a State comprising the whole of Islam. . . . The

people of the new Turkey have no reason to think

of anything else but their own existence and their

own welfare. Turkey has nothing more to give

away to others.”

-Mustafa Kemal, president of Turkey,

speech to a party congress, 1927

In the excerpt above, Mustafa Kemal is most clearly supporting which of the following?

• Totalitarianism

• Nationalism

• Fundamentalism

• Marxism

Which of the following was the key factor in the start of Latin American independence?

• The end of the Napoleonic Wars

• Slave uprisings

• grievances about their lack of political authority

• Enlightenment ideas about religious tolerance

Which of the following resulted from Europe’s expansion overseas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

• European countries acquired colonies and dominated world trade.

• The number of workers needed for European factories declined.

• Mechanized agriculture spread worldwide.

• Europe’s population size and industrial productivity declined.

A historian researching the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the period 1600–1800 would find which of the following sources most useful for determining patterns in the points of origin, the destinations, and the numbers of slaves involved in the trade?

• Records of the cargoes of Spanish and British ships in the trans-Atlantic trade

• Legal regulations pertaining to enslaved and freed Africans in British colonies

• Pamphlets published by antislavery societies

• Census and tax records of European settlers in the Americas

Which of the following best explains the general increase in the living standards of industrial workers between 1800 and 1914?

• Deficit-spending policies by governments in major industrial states

• Implementation of utopian socialist ideas in the organization of factory labor

• The increased supply of inexpensive consumer goods

• The implementation of strong protective tariffs

Which of the following factors contributed most to the increase of world population in the period 1750 to 1900C.E.?

• A decline in the frequency and deadliness of warfare

• Improvements in rural health care

• Improvements in agricultural productivity and food distribution

• A rapid increase in birth rates throughout the globe

In the period from 1750 to 1850, which of the following political ideologies was gaining increasing influence in western Europe and parts of the Atlantic world?

• Absolutism

• Fascism

• Liberalism

• Communism

A historian researching factors that contributed to the rise of industrial production in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries would find which of the following types of sources most helpful?

• A tally of political speeches in favor of versus those opposed to colonial expansion

• Records of labor and trade union meetings

• Data on prices of luxury goods

• Data on migration of rural populations to urban areas

Some historians have argued that the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) marks the beginning of the process of decolonization that culminated in the dissolution of European colonial empires after the Second World War. Historians who take this position are likely to place the greatest emphasis on the importance of which of the following in the decolonization process?

• The role of economic liberalization in undermining the rationale for colonial empires

• The role of European powers in encouraging revolts in each other’s colonies as part of imperial rivalries

• The role of the desire for natural rights in independence movements

• The role of indigenous economic patterns in fostering anti-colonial movements

“Americans today...who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs of destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding.”

Simon Bolivar, Jamaica Letter, 1815 ____

The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author’s motives for resistance to Spanish colonial rule in Latin America?

• Bolivar hoped to undo the effects of the Columbian exchange.

• Bolivar opposed the use of Native Americans and Africans as forced laborers in Latin America.

• Bolivar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America

• Bolivar was alarmed by the excessive consumerism in the Spanish empire.