CellSignaling

There are four basic types of cell signaling, EXCEPT

• paracrine

• autocrine

• direct contact

• endocrine

• exocrine

What are the three types of signals that cells can receive? Mark all that apply

• Hormones

• Neurotransmitters

• ATP

• Extracellular chemicals (Environment)

Signals can exert their effects locally or travel long distances

• true

• false

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS4-5

What is the order of the three main steps involved in cell communication/cell signaling?

• transduction, reception, response

• response, transduction, reception

• reception, transduction, response

• response, reception, transduction

Which of the following is the true job or a receptor?

• Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are specific to individual cell types.

• Internal receptors, also known as intracellular or cytoplasmic receptors, are found in the cytoplasm of the cell and respond to hydrophobic ligand molecules that are able to travel across the plasma membrane.

• Ion channel-linked receptors bind a ligand and open a channel through the membrane that allows specific ions to pass through.

• G-protein-coupled receptors bind a ligand and activate a membrane protein called a G-protein. The activated G-protein then interacts with either an ion channel or an enzyme in the membrane

In paracrine signaling, the signaling molecules affects only:

• Target cells close to the cell from which it was secreted

• Target cells distant from its site of synthesis in cells of an endocrine organ

• both 1 and 2

• none of the above

Simple nerve reflexes use signaling molecules called

• neurotransmitters

• nitric oxide

• G proteins

• proteases

In terms of cell communication, what do bacterial pathogens such as cholera and anthrax have in common?

• They destroy the receptors for key signaling molecules

• They prevent the production of key signaling molecules

• They alter the chemical structure of key signaling molecules

• They block the normal functioning of signal transduction mechanisms

In the signal transduction mechanism known as protein phosphorylation

• the signaling molecule binds to a surface receptor

• receptor kinases play a key role in triggering the signal cascade

• phosphorylated proteins act with enzymes to trigger the signal cascade

• All of the above