B.10B Plant Systems

Invasive plant species affect the interactions of living and nonliving components of an ecosystem, so the removal of invasive plants is often necessary. The goal of most plant-control methods is to disrupt or inhibit the function of different plant systems. For example, insects can be used to chew through roots in order to reduce a plant's ability to absorb water.

Which of these functions would be most immediately affected by a reduction in water uptake by roots?

• Disease resistance

• Seed dispersal

• Sunlight absorption

• Photosynthesis

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NGSS.MS-LS1-6

A student conducted an investigation to study phototropism in grasses. The only difference between the control group and the experimental group was light conditions. The control group was provided full light, while the experimental group was shaded on one side. The diagrams show the average heights and positions of blades of grass in the investigation.

Which statement best explains why the grass tips of the experimental group bent toward the light?

• Water evaporated faster on the side of the plant having full light.

• Light sensors in the grass tips stimulated a hormone in the shoot system.

• The xylem in the root system absorbed more nutrients from the shaded side.

• The side facing the light has a greater chance of absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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NGSS.MS-LS1-5

Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones that help regulate growth by promoting cell division. Cytokinins are produced mainly in meristematic tissue, where most plant growth occurs. Which system carries cytokinins produced in the roots to the rest of the plant?

• Vascular system

• Dermal system

• Reproductive system

• None of these

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NGSS.MS-LS2-3

Several structures work together to allow flowering plants to reproduce. The diagram shows a typical flower.

Which table correctly identifies the function of each structure or group of structures in the reproduction of the plant?

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NGSS.MS-LS1-4

Plants called sundews have rounded green leaves with many hair-like structures. The ends of these structures contain enzymes in a sticky liquid that looks like nectar or moisture, as shown in the picture. The hairs do not react to dust or nonliving material but will bend inward when insects get caught in the sticky liquid. Sundews digest trapped insects over a period of a few days.

Based on this information, what functions do the specialized leaves of sundews perform?

• Provide water to the plant and perform photosynthesis

• Respond to stimuli and anchor the plant

• Provide nutrients to the plant and respond to stimuli

• Release pollen to insects and perform photosynthesis

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NGSS.MS-LS1-4

Structures represented in the illustration below are found in the lower epidermis of a plant leaf. The illustration at right shows the response to a certain environmental condition.

The response represented in the illustration would most likely be caused by -

• a reduced supply of oxygen

• long periods of rainfall

• high concentrations of glucose

• little available water

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NGSS.MS-LS1-5

NGSS.MS-LS2-1

The internal transport of water and minerals in plants requires that two systems work together. Which diagram correctly describes how the two systems accomplish this?

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NGSS.MS-LS2-1

NGSS.MS-LS2-3

The diagram shows the reproductive system of a plant.

Which of the following best describes the interaction that occurs between a plant's reproductive parts during self-fertilization?

• Pollen is released from the anther and is transferred to the stigma. A pollen tube forms and grows through the style. The pollen tube reaches the filament, where the sperm fertilizes the egg.

• Pollen moves from the ovule up through the style and is released from the stigma. The pollen is transferred to the anther, where the sperm fertilizes the egg.

• Pollen is released from the anther and is transferred to the stigma. A pollen tube forms and grows through the style. The pollen tube reaches an ovule with the ovary, where the sperm fertilizes the egg.

• Pollen is released from the stigma and is transferred to the anther. A pollen tube grows down from the anther through the filament and fuses with the ovule, where the sperm fertilizes the egg.

Some students are instructed to put celery stalk in a red dye solution for a lab activity. First the students carefully cut the bottom of the stalk with a scalpel. Then they put the stalk in the beaker with the solution and place the beaker on a shelf in the lab room. The next day they check the stalk and make observations. The students note that the leaves at the end of the stalk have changed color from green to red. The students cut across the celery stalk and use a hand lens to see that the small tube openings along the edge of the celery stalk are also red. The cross section is shown below.

How do the plant systems work together to make this movement of liquid possible?

• The roots absorb water and minerals and move them up to the stem, while the stem moves food produced in the leaves down to the roots in tiny tubes.

• The roots anchor the plant in the soil, and the stem holds the leaves up.

• The roots absorb their own water and minerals, while the stem absorbs its water and minerals through the leaves.

• The roots lose water vapor to the soil, and the stem loses water vapor through the leaves.

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NGSS.MS-LS1-2

NGSS.MS-LS1-3

The outermost layer of plant stems in dicotyledons consists of epidermal cells and guard cells that surround openings called stomata. The epidermal cells are usually covered with a waterproof layer that provides protection from injury and water loss. The stomata allow gas exchange. The epidermal cells and stomata have functions similar to those of which two human body systems?

• Skeletal and respiratory

• Cardiovascular and skeletal

• Integumentary and respiratory

• Cardiovascular and integumentary