Protestant Reformation and Scientific Revolution

In the early 1500s, Martin Luther’s "Ninety-five Theses," Henry VIII’s "Act of Supremacy," and John Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion contributed to

• a decline in the power of the Catholic Church

• an increased sense of nationalism in Tudor England

• the growing power of the feudal nobility in Europe

• a major conflict among Eastern Orthodox Christians

Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the medieval church in western Europe was criticized for

• sponsoring explorations to the Middle East

• allowing the Bible to be printed and distributed to the people

• being too concerned with worldly power and riches

• refusing to sell indulgences to peasants

Pope Leo authorizes the sale of indulgences, 1515 Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five Theses, 1517

These events are most closely associated with the

• Protestant Reformation

• Crusades

• Age of Reason

• Puritan Revolution

Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope’s indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved;…”

— Martin Luther

Which period in European history is most directly related to this statement?

• Age of Exploration

• Scientific Revolution

• Crusades

• Protestant Reformation

Which change to Christian church practice was suggested by Martin Luther?

• increasing the sale of indulgences

• installing statues of saints in churches

• saying the mass in Latin so the faithful would learn it

• printing the Bible in the vernacular so all could read it

Which action led most directly to divisions in Christianity in western Europe?

• Pope Urban II calling for the Crusades King

• John signing the Magna Carta

• German cities establishing the Hanseatic League

• Martin Luther posting the Ninety-five Theses

What was a consequence of the Protestant Reformation?

• Secular rulers became more powerful.

• Judaism dominated southern Europe.

• The Holy Roman Empire became a republic.

• Religious differences were peacefully settled.

Which statement about the Scientific Revolution in Europe is accurate?

• The existence of natural laws was rejected.

• Scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the universe.

• New ideas supported the geocentric theory of Ptolemy.

• The Bible was used to justify new scientific findings.

Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on

• the experiences of past civilizations

• experimentation and observation

• emotions and feelings

• the teachings of the Catholic Church

The world view shifted from other-worldly to secular.

Greek and Roman ideas were revived.

Improvements were made to the printing press.

Which occurrence is most closely associated with these aspects of the Renaissance?

• Gothic cathedrals became the focal point of town activities.

• Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope.

• Galileo Galilei published information about a heliocentric universe.

• Emperors used the Twelve Tables to bring about Pax Romana.