Evolution

Parrots are tropical birds. However, in some areas of New York City, some parrots have been able to survive outdoors year-round. These parrots survive, while most others cannot, due to

• overproduction of offspring

• extinction of previous species

• asexual reproduction of parrots with a mutation

• a variation that allows these parrots to live in colder climates

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The fossil record of ancient life forms provides scientific evidence of

• replication

• evolution

• convection

• succession

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In the past, humans developed varieties of dogs, such as the German shepherd and the bearded collie, using

• selective breeding for particular traits

• recombination of genes during mitosis

• mutations present only in body cells

• natural selection of favorable traits

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The overall changes in the population of mice can be explained best by

• natural selection

• succession

• reproduction

• extinction

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The Galapagos pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae (C. marthae), is native to only one of the Galapagos Islands. Its entire range is currently limited to Wolf Volcano on Isabella Island. The iguana was first discovered on this island in 1986. Genetic studies of the animal began sometime later, and it was identified as a species separate from other iguana populations on the Galapagos in 2009. Its population might have been as high as 100 in 1986, but now there might be as few as 10 of the animals left alive.

Other evidence indicates that this species could have diverged from another line of iguanas about 5.7 million years ago. After that, the other line of iguanas diverged into two other species, C. pallidus and C. subcristatus.

In the future, the current population of about ten pink land iguanas will probably

• migrate to new islands in the Galapagos in order to survive

• soon become extinct, because they have little genetic diversity

• undergo evolution by natural selection and survive

• soon become extinct, because they have too much genetic diversity

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The Galapagos pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae (C. marthae), is native to only one of the Galapagos Islands. Its entire range is currently limited to Wolf Volcano on Isabella Island. The iguana was first discovered on this island in 1986. Genetic studies of the animal began sometime later, and it was identified as a species separate from other iguana populations on the Galapagos in 2009. Its population might have been as high as 100 in 1986, but now there might be as few as 10 of the animals left alive.

Other evidence indicates that this species could have diverged from another line of iguanas about 5.7 million years ago. After that, the other line of iguanas diverged into two other species, C. pallidus and C. subcristatus.

The testing that revealed that these iguanas are a separate species from the other iguanas present in the Galapagos most likely included

• genetic engineering

• cloning studies

• DNA analysis

• use of paper chromatography

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The Galapagos pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae (C. marthae), is native to only one of the Galapagos Islands. Its entire range is currently limited to Wolf Volcano on Isabella Island. The iguana was first discovered on this island in 1986. Genetic studies of the animal began sometime later, and it was identified as a species separate from other iguana populations on the Galapagos in 2009. Its population might have been as high as 100 in 1986, but now there might be as few as 10 of the animals left alive.

Other evidence indicates that this species could have diverged from another line of iguanas about 5.7 million years ago. After that, the other line of iguanas diverged into two other species, C. pallidus and C. subcristatus.

One likely reason for the existence of these pink land iguanas today is that their ancestors

• had the same variations as other iguanas but, after a long period of changing environmental conditions, mutated to the pink form when the environment eventually stabilized

• had variations not present in other iguanas that allowed them to live in a particular environment more successfully than the other iguanas

• lived on several other islands long ago, but migrated to Isabella Island around 1980 to have the environment to themselves, without predators to harm them

• found that they were less visible to predators if they made themselves pink to blend in with the plants growing around them

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The Galapagos pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae (C. marthae), is native to only one of the Galapagos Islands. Its entire range is currently limited to Wolf Volcano on Isabella Island. The iguana was first discovered on this island in 1986. Genetic studies of the animal began sometime later, and it was identified as a species separate from other iguana populations on the Galapagos in 2009. Its population might have been as high as 100 in 1986, but now there might be as few as 10 of the animals left alive.

Other evidence indicates that this species could have diverged from another line of iguanas about 5.7 million years ago. After that, the other line of iguanas diverged into two other species, C. pallidus and C. subcristatus.

Which evolutionary tree best represents the information about the pink land iguana provided in the passage?

• picture 1

• picture 2

• picture 3

• picture 4

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Base your answers to question on the scatter-plot graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph shows changes in the percentage of vancomycin-resistant bacteria in a population between the years 1983 and 2001

Explain why the percentage of resistant bacteria increased over time

• more bacteria moved into the area

• only vancoymin-resistant bacteria survived to reproduce passing on their genes

• a random mutation occurred in all the bacteria

• only vancomycin-resistant bacteria died

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The graph shows changes in the percentage of vancomycin-resistant bacteria in a population between the years 1983 and 2001.

What scientists might do to successfully combat bacteria that are resistant to vancomycin?

• nothing

• keep using vancomycin

• create new antibiotics

• hope that humans evolve

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