EXPLANATION TEXT

The following text is for questions 1 to 4

Human body is made up of countless millions of cells. Food is needed to built up new cells and replace the worn out cells. However, the food that we take must be changed into substances that can be carried in the blood to the places where they are needed. This process is called digestion.

The first digestive process takes place in the mouth. The food we eat is broken up into small pieces by the action of teeth, mixed with saliva, a juice secreted by glands in the mouth. Saliva contains digestive juice which moisten the food, so it can be swallowed easily.

From the mouth, food passes through the esophagus (the food passage) into the stomach. Here, the food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach for several hours. Then the food enters the small intestine. All the time the muscular walls of the intestine are squeezing, mixing and moving the food onwards.

In a few hours, the food changes into acids. These are soon absorbed by the villi (microscopic branch projections from the intestine walls) and passed into the bloodstream.The following text is for questions 1 to 4

Human body is made up of countless millions of cells. Food is needed to built up new cells and replace the worn out cells. However, the food that we take must be changed into substances that can be carried in the blood to the places where they are needed. This process is called digestion.

The first digestive process takes place in the mouth. The food we eat is broken up into small pieces by the action of teeth, mixed with saliva, a juice secreted by glands in the mouth. Saliva contains digestive juice which moisten the food, so it can be swallowed easily.

From the mouth, food passes through the esophagus (the food passage) into the stomach. Here, the food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach for several hours. Then the food enters the small intestine. All the time the muscular walls of the intestine are squeezing, mixing and moving the food onwards.

In a few hours, the food changes into acids. These are soon absorbed by the villi (microscopic branch projections from the intestine walls) and passed into the bloodstream.

What is the text about?

• The digestive system

• The digestive juice

• The method of the digestive system

• The process of intestine work

• The food substances

Human body is made up of countless millions of cells. Food is needed to built up new cells and replace the worn out cells. However, the food that we take must be changed into substances that can be carried in the blood to the places where they are needed. This process is called digestion.

The first digestive process takes place in the mouth. The food we eat is broken up into small pieces by the action of teeth, mixed with saliva, a juice secreted by glands in the mouth. Saliva contains digestive juice which moisten the food, so it can be swallowed easily.

From the mouth, food passes through the esophagus (the food passage) into the stomach. Here, the food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach for several hours. Then the food enters the small intestine. All the time the muscular walls of the intestine are squeezing, mixing and moving the food onwards.

In a few hours, the food changes into acids. These are soon absorbed by the villi (microscopic branch projections from the intestine walls) and passed into the bloodstream.

How can we swallow the food easily?

• The food changes into acids absorbed by the villi.

• The food must be digested first through the process.

• The food is directly swallowed through esophagus into the stomach.

• The food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach.

• The food we take must be changed into substances carried in the blood to the places.

Human body is made up of countless millions of cells. Food is needed to built up new cells and replace the worn out cells. However, the food that we take must be changed into substances that can be carried in the blood to the places where they are needed. This process is called digestion.

The first digestive process takes place in the mouth. The food we eat is broken up into small pieces by the action of teeth, mixed with saliva, a juice secreted by glands in the mouth. Saliva contains digestive juice which moisten the food, so it can be swallowed easily.

From the mouth, food passes through the esophagus (the food passage) into the stomach. Here, the food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach for several hours. Then the food enters the small intestine. All the time the muscular walls of the intestine are squeezing, mixing and moving the food onwards.

From the text above, we imply that ….

• A good process of digestive system will help our body becoming healthier.

• No one concerned with the process of digestive system for their health.

• The digestive system is needed if we are eating the food instantly.

• Everybody must conduct the processes of digestive system well.

• The better we digest the food we eat, the healthier we will be.

Human body is made up of countless millions of cells. Food is needed to built up new cells and replace the worn out cells. However, the food that we take must be changed into substances that can be carried in the blood to the places where they are needed. This process is called digestion.

The first digestive process takes place in the mouth. The food we eat is broken up into small pieces by the action of teeth, mixed with saliva, a juice secreted by glands in the mouth. Saliva contains digestive juice which moisten the food, so it can be swallowed easily.

From the mouth, food passes through the esophagus (the food passage) into the stomach. Here, the food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach for several hours. Then the food enters the small intestine. All the time the muscular walls of the intestine are squeezing, mixing and moving the food onwards.

In a few hours, the food changes into acids. These are soon absorbed by the villi (microscopic branch projections from the intestine walls) and passed into the bloodstream.

“Human body is made up of countless millions of cells.” (Paragraph 1)

The underlined phrase means ….

• Produced

• Managed

• Arranged

• Completed

• Constructed

Biodiesel is a clean burning substitute for petroleum based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is made of vegetable oil.

To make or manufacture Biodiesel, you must first start with raw materials. The raw materials needed in the production of Biodiesel are a small amount of methanol and a ready supply of vegetable product. One of the most common vegetables used in the production of Biodiesel is corn, although depending on the geographic location of the manufacturing facility many other plants are used as well (rapeseed, soybeans, flaxseed, etc.). The first step is to use the raw vegetable product to make vegetable oil. Vegetable oil by itself will not be what you need to power a car, from here it has to be processed into Biodiesel.

The process for converting vegetable oil into Biodiesel is sometimes called ester interchange. To complete this process the vegetable oil has to be combined with a smaller amount of methanol and then put in the presence of a small quantity of an alkaline catalyst (for example, 5% to 1% sodium hydroxide). Vegetable oil is made up of so-called triglycerides, which is a compound of the trivalent alcohol glycerin with three fatty acids. The goal of ester interchange is to separate the glycerin molecule from the three fatty acids and replace it with three methanol molecules. This process then yields roughly 90% Biodiesel and 10% of a glycerin byproduct. The glycerin byproduct can be used in a number of other chemical processes for different industries.

What is the text about?

• The process of making Biodiesel.

• The use of the Biodiesel.

• The advantage of using the Biodiesel.

• The benefit of producing the Biodiesel.

• The development of the Biodiesel product.

Biodiesel is a clean burning substitute for petroleum based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is made of vegetable oil.

To make or manufacture Biodiesel, you must first start with raw materials. The raw materials needed in the production of Biodiesel are a small amount of methanol and a ready supply of vegetable product. One of the most common vegetables used in the production of Biodiesel is corn, although depending on the geographic location of the manufacturing facility many other plants are used as well (rapeseed, soybeans, flaxseed, etc.). The first step is to use the raw vegetable product to make vegetable oil. Vegetable oil by itself will not be what you need to power a car, from here it has to be processed into Biodiesel.

The process for converting vegetable oil into Biodiesel is sometimes called ester interchange. To complete this process the vegetable oil has to be combined with a smaller amount of methanol and then put in the presence of a small quantity of an alkaline catalyst (for example, 5% to 1% sodium hydroxide). Vegetable oil is made up of so-called triglycerides, which is a compound of the trivalent alcohol glycerin with three fatty acids. The goal of ester interchange is to separate the glycerin molecule from the three fatty acids and replace it with three methanol molecules. This process then yields roughly 90% Biodiesel and 10% of a glycerin byproduct. The glycerin byproduct can be used in a number of other chemical processes for different industries.

What are interchanged in the process of ester interchange?

• The three fatty acids with the glycerin molecules.

• The glycerin molecule with three methanol molecules.

• Methanol with the three fatty acids.

• Vegetable oil with methanol

• Methanol and alkaline catalyst.

Biodiesel is a clean burning substitute for petroleum based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is made of vegetable oil.

To make or manufacture Biodiesel, you must first start with raw materials. The raw materials needed in the production of Biodiesel are a small amount of methanol and a ready supply of vegetable product. One of the most common vegetables used in the production of Biodiesel is corn, although depending on the geographic location of the manufacturing facility many other plants are used as well (rapeseed, soybeans, flaxseed, etc.). The first step is to use the raw vegetable product to make vegetable oil. Vegetable oil by itself will not be what you need to power a car, from here it has to be processed into Biodiesel.

The process for converting vegetable oil into Biodiesel is sometimes called ester interchange. To complete this process the vegetable oil has to be combined with a smaller amount of methanol and then put in the presence of a small quantity of an alkaline catalyst (for example, 5% to 1% sodium hydroxide). Vegetable oil is made up of so-called triglycerides, which is a compound of the trivalent alcohol glycerin with three fatty acids. The goal of ester interchange is to separate the glycerin molecule from the three fatty acids and replace it with three methanol molecules. This process then yields roughly 90% Biodiesel and 10% of a glycerin byproduct. The glycerin byproduct can be used in a number of other chemical processes for different industries.

According to the text, one of the advantages in using biodiesel is…

• It is cheap.

• It only uses vegetable oil.

• It uses replaceable materials.

• It can be done in small industry.

• It gives less pollution than petroleum.

Biodiesel is a clean burning substitute for petroleum based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is made of vegetable oil.

To make or manufacture Biodiesel, you must first start with raw materials. The raw materials needed in the production of Biodiesel are a small amount of methanol and a ready supply of vegetable product. One of the most common vegetables used in the production of Biodiesel is corn, although depending on the geographic location of the manufacturing facility many other plants are used as well (rapeseed, soybeans, flaxseed, etc.). The first step is to use the raw vegetable product to make vegetable oil. Vegetable oil by itself will not be what you need to power a car, from here it has to be processed into Biodiesel.

The process for converting vegetable oil into Biodiesel is sometimes called ester interchange. To complete this process the vegetable oil has to be combined with a smaller amount of methanol and then put in the presence of a small quantity of an alkaline catalyst (for example, 5% to 1% sodium hydroxide). Vegetable oil is made up of so-called triglycerides, which is a compound of the trivalent alcohol glycerin with three fatty acids. The goal of ester interchange is to separate the glycerin molecule from the three fatty acids and replace it with three methanol molecules. This process then yields roughly 90% Biodiesel and 10% of a glycerin byproduct. The glycerin byproduct can be used in a number of other chemical processes for different industries.

“The process for converting vegetable oil…”(Paragraph 3)

The underline word is closest in meaning to…

• Producing

• Separating

• Attaching

• Processing

• Changing

The nose, trachea and lungs are the main organs which make up the respiratory system. This system allows the exchange of gases which are needed for us to live.

Breathing happens when the brain sends a message through the nerves to the intercostal muscles which lie between the ribs and diaphragm. When the instruction is received, the muscles pull the ribs outwards and the diaphragm relaxes so that the space in the chest gets bigger. Because the pressure in the chest gets lower, air rushes in to fill the lungs.

This air is first taken in through the nose or mouth. It then travels into the throat (the pharynx) and on through the voice box (the larynx). The opening to the voice box has a cover over it called the epiglottis.

This cover opens when a breath is taken. In this way, the air is able to flow down the trachea but food is kept out.

After passing down the trachea the air travels into the lung down either the right or left bronchus, through the bronchioles and at last into tiny air sacs called alveoli. These are covered with small blood vessels called capillaries. From here, oxygen is finally taken into the blood stream and carbon dioxide is passed back to the lungs.

The intercostal muscles then push the rib cage back inwards. As a result, the space in the chest gets smaller and the pressure rises, thus pushing the carbon dioxide back out of the lungs.

And it all happens in the space of a single breath!

What organ makes up the human respiratory system?

• Mouth

• Pancreas

• Trachea

• Liver

• Stomach

The nose, trachea and lungs are the main organs which make up the respiratory system. This system allows the exchange of gases which are needed for us to live.

Breathing happens when the brain sends a message through the nerves to the intercostal muscles which lie between the ribs and diaphragm. When the instruction is received, the muscles pull the ribs outwards and the diaphragm relaxes so that the space in the chest gets bigger. Because the pressure in the chest gets lower, air rushes in to fill the lungs.

This air is first taken in through the nose or mouth. It then travels into the throat (the pharynx) and on through the voice box (the larynx). The opening to the voice box has a cover over it called the epiglottis.

This cover opens when a breath is taken. In this way, the air is able to flow down the trachea but food is kept out.

After passing down the trachea the air travels into the lung down either the right or left bronchus, through the bronchioles and at last into tiny air sacs called alveoli. These are covered with small blood vessels called capillaries. From here, oxygen is finally taken into the blood stream and carbon dioxide is passed back to the lungs.

The intercostal muscles then push the rib cage back inwards. As a result, the space in the chest gets smaller and the pressure rises, thus pushing the carbon dioxide back out of the lungs.

And it all happens in the space of a single breath!

The following statements are true EXCEPT ...

• The nose, trachea and lungs are the main organs which make up the respiratory system.

• The intercostal muscles push the rib cage back inwards.

• The intercostal muscles then push the rib cage back inwards.

• Breathing happens when the brain receives a message through the nerves to the intercostal muscles.

• Epiglottis is opened when a breath is taken.