2nd Industrial Revolution

What was the effect of the Bessemer Process on American industry and manufacturing?

• increased steel production, made steel cheaper
• led to the development of the light bulb
• advanced refrigeration techniques, allowing people to preserve food longer
• allowed Americans to harness nuclear power

How did an expansion in railroads contribute to the growth of America?

• new cities sprung up along the roads, and people moved West
• it made cities more crowded because railroads were constructed over people's farms
• the agriculture industry became more powerful
• it made the environment cleaner thus the country was more attractive to immigrants

In the late 1800s, many entrepreneurs formed their businesses as ___________________, or businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares. 

• trusts
• corporations
• vertical integrations
• social darwinism

Andrew Carnegie's steel business succeeded in part to a practice called _____________________, in which a business owner becomes involved in ALL steps of the manufacturing process. He not only owned steel mills, he bought the iron ore mines, coalfields and railroads needed to supply the steel.

• horizontal integration
• vertical integration
• trust

Rockefeller, the owner of Standard Oil, succeeded due to ____________________, in which he took over all businesses in his field, eventually owning 90 percent of the oil refineries in the U.S. Disney does this in present time w/ entertainment.

• vertical integration
• horizontal integration
• trust

Trusts were legal arrangements grouping together many companies under a single board of directors. Some trusts eventually became ________________, or total ownership of a product/service to eliminate competition. example: if AT & T owned all cellphone services.

• corporation
• stockholder
• monopoly

_____________________ led the American Federation of Labor, a union who limited membership to skilled workers only.  They fought for better working conditions

• Andrew Carnegie
• Leland Stanford
• Samuel Gompers
• Alexander Graham Bell

Which of the following is true of working conditions in the Second Industrial Revolution?

• factories competed with one another to offer the highest wages
• factories were often crowded, poorly ventilated, and prone to accidents
• all factories used Assembly Lines to make production more efficient
• management made sure workers were so well-trained and educated they were irreplaceable

Thomas Edison created the first commercially practical...

• lightbulb
• engine
• assembly line
• railroads

Which of the following can best be inferred by the fact that one in five children worked in a factory in the late 1800s?

• Women were no longer required to work long hours

• Immigrants were no longer a crucial part of the workforce

• New industries were created to promote the skills of young laberors

• Children who worked often received little education due to long working hours