Review for Biology Final Exam

Suppose that the C-G base pair labeled as X in the DNA molecule below is substituted by an

A-T base pair.

What is the most likely result of this mutation?

• genetic clones

• genetic variation

• identical offspring

• incomplete translation

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The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a continuous cycle. During this cycle, the products from one process serve as the starting materials for the other.

Which of the following materials correspond(s) to box number 3?

• oxygen and glucose

• ATP (energy) and heat

• sunlight

• carbon dioxide and water

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Which of the following would increase the biodiversity of an ecosystem?

• an invasive species outcompeting and replacing a native species

• the rapid extinction of an existing species

• the formation of a new species through speciation

• a large increase in the population size of an existing species

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A population of organisms becomes separated by a large canyon. Over millions of years, the organisms on one side of the canyon become much different from the organisms on the other side of the canyon. Eventually the populations are genetically different enough that they can no longer interbreed. This example can best be described as _______.

• homeostasis

• mitosis

• meiosis

• speciation

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What is the advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction in organisms?

• shorter reproduction time

• greater genetic diversity

• more variety of reproduction methods

• fewer parent organisms needed

Transcription and translation are the two processes involved in protein synthesis. During transcription, DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus of a cell. Messenger RNA then moves into the cytoplasm, where it attaches to a ribosome and is translated into a protein. Which statement best describes the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?

• After reading the codons on tRNA, the ribosome delivers and attaches amino acids to the mRNA.

• Numerous tRNA molecules are joined together by mRNA to form a protein.

• Amino acids that correspond to the codons on mRNA are brought to the ribosome by

  tRNA.

• Transfer RNA makes an identical copy of the base sequence on mRNA.

A grassland ecosystem experiences a severe drought. Which of the following is true about a particular plant population's ability to survive this environmental change?

• The lower the genetic diversity of the population, the greater the probability that at least some individuals will have traits that help them survive.

• The more individuals that make up the population, the greater the probability that all of the individuals will develop traits that help them survive.

• The higher the genetic diversity of the population, the greater the probability that at least some individuals will have traits that help them survive.

• The less individuals that make up the population, the greater the probability that all of the individuals will develop traits that help them survive.

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According to the theory of endosymbiosis, a symbiotic relationship developed between anaerobic cells that engulfed aerobic bacteria. Gradually, the bacteria evolved into eukaryotic organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Which of the following is a true statement that supports the theory of endosymbiosis?

• The ribosomes of chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in structure to ribosomes found in eukaryotes.

• All mitochondria and chloroplasts are much larger in size than the largest prokaryotes.

• The inner membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.

• Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain linear chromosomes, similar to the chromosomes found in the nucleus of eukaryotes.

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A cell divides through mitosis, creating two daughter cells. Which of the following is true about the daughter cells?

• One of the daughter cells is identical to the parent cell, but the other is genetically different from the parent cell.

• The daughter cells are identical to each other, but they are genetically different from the parent cell.

• The daughter cells are genetically identical both to each other and to the parent cell.

• Both daughter cells are unique and genetically different from the parent cell.

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A farmer sprayed his crops with an insecticide multiple times to reduce the damage caused by a certain species of insect. Each time the farmer used the insecticide, fewer insects died. Why did the insecticide kill fewer insects each time it was used?

• None of the insects in the initial population were resistant to the insecticide.

• All of the insects in the initial population were resistant to the insecticide.

• Insects in the population that were resistant to the insecticide were killed and could not reproduce.

• Insects in the population that were resistant to the insecticide lived and reproduced.

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