Reading Quiz Practice Chapters 16 and 17 AMSCO

"Competition therefore is the law of nature. Nature is entirely neutral; she submits to him who most energetically and resolutely assails her. She grants her rewards to the fittest; therefore, without regard to other considerations of

any kind .... Such is the system of nature. If we do not like it and if we try to amend it, there is one way in which we can do it. We take from the better and give to the worse .... Let it be understood that we cannot go outside this alternative: liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest; not-liberty, equal-

ity, survival of the unfittest. The former carries society forward and favors all its best members; the latter carries society downward and favors all its worst

members."

-William Graham Sumner, social scientist,

The Challenge of Facts, 1882

The ideas expressed in this excerpt most clearly show the influence of which of the following?

• John Locke's Second Treatise of Government

• Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations

• Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence

• Charles Darwin's On the Origins of Species

Which idea would Sumner most likely support?

• Socialism

• Laissez-Faire

• Manifest Destiny

• Gospel of Wealth

Which of the following developments would be most consistent with the beliefs expressed in the excerpt?

• Consolidation of wealth by an elite

• Expansion of rights for women

• Passage of anti-trust legislation

• Spread of organized labor

Which of the following groups would most likely support the sentiments behind this cartoon?

• Proponents of Social Darwinism

• Proponents of anti-monopoly legislation

• Proponents of organizing unskilled workers

• Proponents of the Interstate Commerce Commission

The kind of sentiments in the cartoon above contributed most directly to which of the following?

• The sale of Standard Oil to J. P. Morgan for $900 million

• The breakup of Standard Oil into competing oil companies

• The replacement of kerosene lamps with the incandescent lights

• The rise of the American Federation of Labor

"You evidently have observed the growth of corporate wealth and influence. You recognize that wealth, in order to become more highly productive, is concentrated into fewer hands, and controlled by representatives and directors, and yet you sing the old siren song that the workingman should depend entirely upon his own 'individual effort.'

"The school of laissez-faire, of which you seem to be a pronounced advocate, has produced great men in advocating the theory of each for himself and his Satanic majesty taking the hindermost, but the most pronounced advocates of your school of thought in economics have, when practically put to the test, been compelled to admit that combination and organizations of the toiling masses are essential both to prevent the deterioration and to secure an improvement in the condition of the wage earners."

-Samuel Gompers, Letter to Judge Peter Grosscup, "Labor in Industrial Society," 1894.

This excerpt was written to most directly support which of

the following?

• Collective bargaining

• Formation of trusts

• The anti-trust movement

• Employee ownership of business

According to the author, what has most contributed to the need for wage earners to organize?

• The school of laissez-faire economics

• The rise of the captains of industry

• The concentration of corporate wealth and power

• The belief in individualism and self-reliance

Which of the following was most closely allied to the sentiments in this excerpt?

• The economic theory of wages by David Ricardo

• The practice of horizontal integration

• Pullman's company town for workers

• American Federation of Labor

"I attended a funeral once in Pickens County in my State .... They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They buried him within touch of an iron mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from Pittsburgh ... The South didn't furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground. There they put him away and the clods rattled down on his coffin, and they buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next world with him to remind him of the

country in which he lived, and for which he fought for four years, but the chill of blood in his veins and the marrow in his bones."

-Henry Grady, Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, 1889.

The key idea in the excerpt is that Grady believes

• the Civil War damaged the southern economy

• former Confederate soldiers deserved better treatment

• the secession of the Confederacy was justified

• the South needed to industrialize

Which of the following best demonstrates Henry Grady's vision for the South?

• Birmingham, Alabama, became one of the nation's leading steel

  producers

• Former slaves achieved semi-independence as tenant farmers

• Northern investors controlled three-quarters of southern railroads

• The southern economy remained mainly tied to agriculture