APUSH Period 1 Review

“At the time the first Europeans arrived, the Indians of the Great Plains between the Rocky Mountains and the forested areas bordering on the Mississippi lived partly by corn culture but mostly by the buffalo on foot with bow and arrow. Although Europeans regarded all Indians as nomads (a convenient excuse for denying them the land they occupied), only the Plains Indian really were nomadic. Even they did not become so until about A.D. 1550, when they began to break wild mustangs, offspring of European horses turned loose by the Spaniards.”

——The Oxford History of the American People by Samuel Eliot Morison, Oxford University Press, New York City, 1965

According to the excerpt, the Europeans justified which of the following using the livelihood of the Great Plains Indians as evidence?

• All-out warfare to eradicate the native population

• The creation of an extensive trade network

• European land policy based on the concept that American Indians did not own land

• The creation of the encomienda system to Christianize the Plains Indians

“When Europeans first touched the shores of the Americas, Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the Atlantic, and New World crops such as maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc had not traveled east to Europe. In the Americas, there were no horses, cattle, sheep, or goats, all animals of Old World origin. Except for the llama, alpaca, dog, a

few fowl, and guinea pig, the New World had no equivalents to the domesticated animals associated with the Old World, nor did it have the pathogens associated with the Old World’s dense populations of humans and such associated creatures as chickens, cattle, black rats, and Aedes egypti mosquitoes. Among these germs were those that carried smallpox, measles, chickenpox, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever.”

—Alfred Crosby, “The Columbian Exchange”

Perhaps the most devastating aspect of the Columbian Exchange was

• the extinction of animals in the New World by invasive species

• the European diseases that decimated indigenous populations in the Americas

• the slave trade that became part of the Columbian Exchange between Africa and the New World

• the wave of explorers that ensued and began to populate the Americas and push the native peoples out of their homelands

“When Europeans first touched the shores of the Americas, Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the Atlantic, and New World crops such as maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc had not traveled east to Europe. In the Americas, there were no horses, cattle, sheep, or goats, all animals of Old World origin. Except for the llama, alpaca, dog, a

few fowl, and guinea pig, the New World had no equivalents to the domesticated animals associated with the Old World, nor did it have the pathogens associated with the Old World’s dense populations of humans and such associated creatures as chickens, cattle, black rats, and Aedes egypti mosquitoes. Among these germs were those that carried smallpox, measles, chickenpox, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever.”

—Alfred Crosby, “The Columbian Exchange”

Which of the following had a profound effect on the growth of agriculture in the New World?

• The introduction of maize, white potatoes, and sweet potatoes to the Americas

• The waves of settlers and explorers that began to populate the New World

• The horses, cattle, sheep, and goats that came from the Old to New World

• The rise of African slavery that originated as part of the Middle Passage

How did the cultivation of maize affect settlement patterns in the American Southwest and present-day Mexico?

• It caused Native Americans in the area to develop permanent settlements supported by farming and irrigation systems

• It caused Native Americans in the area to live a nomadic lifestyle, constantly searching for new ground to cultivate

• It caused Native Americans in the area to live a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, where most of their diet was dependent on animals they hunted

• It caused Native Americans in the area to develop permanent settlements supported by a hunter-gatherer lifestyle

How were Mississippian people similar to other Native American groups in the pre-contact era?

• They were largely nomadic, depending on horses to follow herds of animals

• They had an egalitarian social structure, where individuals were generally equal in status

• The environment in which they lived influenced their societies and economies

• They had no religious beliefs

Why did the Sioux live in structures like those depicted in the image?

• They were more durable than other forms of housing

• They were easily disposable

• They reinforced egalitarian social structures

• They facilitated a nomadic lifestyle

“There were four chiefs: Mr. Bear, Cougar, Bald Eagle, and Salmon. They met to try to figure out what it was that they were going to do. They knew of a place where there were many salmon. This would be the best thing of the coming people. It would keep them strong and healthy; besides, it would taste so good! But there was a problem. The salmon were being held way up river by a dam and were being guarded by some women, who when crossed would stop at nothing to destroy anything that got in the way of keeping their salmon and doing their work.” -Native American legend recorded by Martin Louie and Diana Brooks. Published in Wicazo Sa Review, 1990.

Based on passage, in which region of North America do you think the Native American people who told this legend lived?

• Plains

• Southwest

• Pacific Northwest

• Northeast

Which of the following conclusion might historians make about the Mississippian people from the evidence of Cahokia?

• They lived a nomadic lifestyle, following herds of animals across the Plains

• They preferred fishing to farming

• They were not sophisticated enough to build lasting structures

• They lived in settled villages and farmed, allowing for the growth of large populations

Native Americans lived in teepees as they followed herds of bison across the Great Plains. Which of the following environmental factors led bison to flourish in the Great Plains?

• The melting of glaciers provided new water sources for bison herds

• The arrival of horses in 1519 made it easier for Native Americans to herd and breed bison

• Bison were chased onto the Great Plains by prehistoric predators

• The wet grasslands of the western Great Plains created prairie ideal for grazing

This US Treasury one-dollar 2009 Native American coin represents the “three sisters” method of planting corn (maize), beans, and squash together. Why was this method of planting important?

• These three crops were arranged ceremonially so that they could be used for religious purposes as offerings for the gods

• These three crops attracted wild turkeys and other wild game, which made hunting easier for more sedentary communities.

• These three were “cash crops” for societies like the Iroquois and Susquehannocks, as these were the only commodity they could sell to the English to fund their Confederacy

• These three crops mutually supported each other's growth, a system that spread from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest