STAAR PRACTICE: Body Systems

A student studying interactions between body systems constructs this table. The student plans to fill out the table with phrases that describe an interaction between each pair of systems. 
Which of these phrases could be placed in the position marked with an X? 

• Provides nutrients to kidney cells
• Provides nutrients to brain cells
• Provides nutrients to nerve cells
• Provides nutrients to muscle cells 

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 Recent studies in bone research indicate that using ultrasound on a broken bone can decrease the healing time by 25%. Which of these are the most basic levels of organization involved when a bone heals? 

• Cells and tissue
• Cells and organ system
• Organ system and organism
• Tissue and organ system

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Which of the following is an example of the endocrine system directly interacting with the nervous system?

• The vertebrae protect the spinal cord from injury.
• Hormones provide feedback that affects neural processing.
• Sensory receptors in bones send signals about body position to the brain. 
• The brain sends signals that control the speed at which food moves through the intestines.

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The diagram demonstrates a feedback process involving antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH increases the permeability of parts of the nephrons of the kidney, resulting in less water in the urine.
This feedback loop is likely to be activated when — 

• the body experiences dehydration
• blood glucose levels are stable
• body temperature drops
• the urinary tract is infected

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The picture shows bean-shaped glands called nodes. The clusters of cells in nodes include macrophages that break down viruses and other potentially harmful materials. Nodes also contain cells that produce protein particles capable of capturing harmful materials that flow in tissue fluid through the nodes. Different parts of the body are drained by nodes in different regions of the body.
Which body systems are directly responsible for regulating these nodes and protecting the body from harmful materials in tissue fluid?

• Immune and lymphatic systems
• Digestive and nervous systems
• Endocrine and digestive systems
• Circulatory and nervous systems

 The surface of the stomach is lined with epithelial cells called surface mucous cells. These cells produce a thick mucus that coats the epithelium on the inside surface of the stomach. What is the purpose of the mucous coating?

• It allows the epithelium to aid in the process of digestion.
• It causes the epithelium to expand as food enters the stomach.
• It protects the epithelium from the acid content of the stomach.
• It traps nutrients inside the epithelium as food passes through the stomach

Scientists studying illnesses caused by chemically contaminated food conduct research to minimize the effects of these diseases on society. These chemicals harm the body through interactions between the digestive system and the immune system. Scientists conducting this research are likely to describe which of these interactions between the digestive and immune systems? 

• Chemicals enter the immune system through a break in the skin. The chemical contamination is then passed to the digestive system by the circulatory system.
• The immune system transforms the chemicals in the contaminated foods into harmless chemicals. These harmless chemicals are then broken down by the digestive system.
• When contaminated foods are eaten, the immune system prevents the chemicals from entering the digestive system.
• Chemicals enter the digestive system through contaminated foods. Once in the body, the chemical contaminants impair the body’s ability to fight off infectious diseases.

 During the final stages of human gestation, receptors for the hormone oxytocin increase on the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. The release of oxytocin during labor stimulates the smooth muscle tissue in the wall of the uterus. The vigorous contraction of the uterine smooth muscle helps push the baby through the birth canal so that delivery can occur. This process involves the interaction of which organ systems? 

• Endocrine and muscular only
• Endocrine and reproductive only
• Endocrine, muscular, and reproductive
• Endocrine, reproductive, and excretory

When a person is suddenly cut by a sharp object, a nervous impulse is sent along a sensory neuron to the spinal cord. The impulse is immediately transmitted through motor neurons to produce a response. Which of the following correctly identifies and describes this response?

• It is a conditioned response that occurs only to prevent injury.

• It is a learned response that does not occur in infants and small children.

• It is a reflex response that causes various muscles to contract in order to move away from the object.

• It is a voluntary response that is initiated only after the impulse has been carried to the relevant area in the brain.

A man was walking through the desert and he became lost. The temperature outside rose to 110 degrees Fahrenheit and the man’s body temperature increased with it. His skin began to excrete sweat in an effort to cool his body back down. Which two body systems are working to help him maintain homeostasis?

• Endocrine and Excretory

• Excretory and Integumentary

• Integumentary and Skeletal

• Skeletal and Respiratory

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