Criminal Justice - Ch. 3

Which of the following is a product of the Enlightenment period, or the Age of Reason, a period of history that began in the early 1500s and lasted until the late 1700s?

• classical theory

• critical theory

• positivist theory

• neoclassical theory

Several modifications of classical theory are collectively referred to as:

• conflict theory

• radical theory

• positivist theory

• neoclassical theory

Which of the following best captures classical criminologists' concept of "utility"?

• "Winning isn't everything; its the only thing."

• "the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number"

• "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."

• "All's fair in love and war."

Which of the following theories assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who engage in a hedonistic rationality?

• humanistic psychological theory

• Chicago School theory

• anomie theory

• classical theory

According to Cesare Beccaria, the basis of society, as well as the origin of punishments and the right to punish, is

• the Mayflower Compact.

• specific deterrence.

• general deterrence.

• the social contract

Cesare Beccaria recommended six ways to prevent crime. Which of the following does NOT belong?

• Educate the public.

• Determine the physiological causes of crime.

• Enact laws that are clear, simple, and unbiased, and that reflect the consensus of the population.

• Eliminate corruption from the administration of justice.

Which of the following theories was an explicit rejection of the critical and“ negative” philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers?

• classical theory

• radical theory

• positivist theory

• neoclassical theory

Which of the following is a general criticism of positivism?

• Positivistic theories generally account for too much crime, and, at the same time, they have difficulty explaining exceptions.

• Positivistic theories generally ignore the criminalization process.

• Positivistic theories generally ignore the multitude of fundamental conflicts of value and interest in society.

• All the answers are correct.

Which of the following scientists suggested that some people were “less highly evolved or developed than others” and that some people “were nearer their apelike ancestors than others in traits, abilities, and dispositions”?

• Charles Darwin

• Sigmund Freud

• Émile Durkheim

• Alida Merlo

Which of the following theories is based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from noncriminals?

• classical theory

• biological positivism

• psychological positivism

• sociological positivism