The Rise of Industrial America 1865-1900, Chapters 16 AMSCO

"Competition therefore is the law of nature. Nature is entirely neutral; she submits to him who most energetically and resolutely assails her. She grants her rewards to the fittest; therefore, without regard to other considerations of

any kind .... Such is the system of nature. If we do not like it and if we try to amend it, there is one way in which we can do it. We take from the better and give to the worse .... Let it be understood that we cannot go outside this alternative: liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest; not-liberty, equal-

ity, survival of the unfittest. The former carries society forward and favors all its best members; the latter carries society downward and favors all its worst

members."

-William Graham Sumner, social scientist,

The Challenge of Facts, 1882

The ideas expressed in this excerpt most clearly show the influence of which of the following?

• John Locke's Second Treatise of Government

• Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations

• Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence

• Charles Darwin's On the Origins of Species

Which idea would Sumner most likely support?

• Socialism

• Laissez-Faire

• Manifest Destiny

• Gospel of Wealth

Which of the following developments would be most consistent with the beliefs expressed in the excerpt?

• Consolidation of wealth by an elite

• Expansion of rights for women

• Passage of anti-trust legislation

• Spread of organized labor

Which of the following groups would most likely support the sentiments behind this cartoon?

• Proponents of Social Darwinism

• Proponents of anti-monopoly legislation

• Proponents of organizing unskilled workers

• Proponents of the Interstate Commerce Commission

The kind of sentiments in the cartoon above contributed most directly to which of the following?

• The sale of Standard Oil to J. P. Morgan for $900 million

• The breakup of Standard Oil into competing oil companies

• The replacement of kerosene lamps with the incandescent lights

• The rise of the American Federation of Labor

"You evidently have observed the growth of corporate wealth and influence. You recognize that wealth, in order to become more highly productive, is concentrated into fewer hands, and controlled by representatives and directors, and yet you sing the old siren song that the workingman should depend entirely upon his own 'individual effort.'

"The school of laissez-faire, of which you seem to be a pronounced advocate, has produced great men in advocating the theory of each for himself and his Satanic majesty taking the hindermost, but the most pronounced advocates of your school of thought in economics have, when practically put to the test, been compelled to admit that combination and organizations of the toiling masses are essential both to prevent the deterioration and to secure an improvement in the condition of the wage earners."

-Samuel Gompers, Letter to Judge Peter Grosscup, "Labor in Industrial Society," 1894.

This excerpt was written to most directly support which of

the following?

• Collective bargaining

• Formation of trusts

• The anti-trust movement

• Employee ownership of business

According to the author, what has most contributed to the need for wage earners to organize?

• The school of laissez-faire economics

• The rise of the captains of industry

• The concentration of corporate wealth and power

• The belief in individualism and self-reliance

Which of the following was most closely allied to the sentiments in this excerpt?

• The economic theory of wages by David Ricardo

• The practice of horizontal integration

• Pullman's company town for workers

• American Federation of Labor