APWH P4 4.5 Maritime Empires

An empire in the "New World" that developed sophisticated bureaucracy and record keeping in the form of quipus while using the "mita" labor system to make sure everyone did their part. Additionally they built thousands of miles of roads while never invented a wheel.  Their empire encompassed all 2500 miles of the Andes mountain chain.

• Aztec
• Iroquois 
• Safavid
• Inca

From the latin for "rebirth" this era in European History saw the rediscovery of Greco-Roman knowledge and Humanism following increased interaction with the East brought about by interactions via the Crusades and Pax Mongolica

• Renaissance
• Safavid Era
• Middle Ages
• Enlightenment

The Empire/Dynasty that would expel the Mongols and their Yuan Dynasty from China and tried to recapture the glory of Song Dynasty China.  Emperor Yongle of this empire sent Zheng He out to try and establish Chinese dominance of the Indian Ocean, but upon the death of Yongle, China went back into its isolationism though Chinese merchants continued to trade in the Indian Ocean. 

• Ming
• Songhay
• Mughal 
• Safavid 

A period of colder climate in the Northern Hemisphere that led to smaller crop yields and thus hard times for kingdoms and peasants and Europe.  However, the Great Warming Period that followed, allowed European kingdoms to focus on science and exploration.  

• The Great Cooling
• The Renaissance
• The Little Ice Age
• The Dark Ages

This mongol-turkic central asian nomad would found an empire and attempt to reclaim the glory of the Mongol empire at it's height.  While he was ruthless and successful, he would die before he could attempt to conquer China.  His conquests were the last serious Central Asian threat to the settled civilizations as gunpowder would quickly overpower the dominance of the horse pastoralists.  

• Kublai Khan
• Ogedei Khan
• Timur
• Zheng He

This philosophy originated with the Ancient Greeks but was reborn during the Renaissance as Renaissance thinkers began to exam mankind with an emphasis on understanding the way humans work and how they interact with the environment, forming the basis of modern philosophy and science.  

• Epicureanism
• Dynamism
• Renaissancism 
• Humanism

French Protestants called "Huguenots" were persecuted by Catholics in France to a great degree until King Henry IV issued this decree in order to bring peace to his country which had been torn apart by the Protestant Reformation.

• 95 Theses 
• Edict of Nantes
• Council of Trent
• Peace of Westphalia 

With this treaty, Western Europe, long unified by the Catholic Church became divided between Catholic and Protestant.  This treaty ended the 30 Years War, bringing to a close the incredibly bloody and destructive struggle over "the soul of Europe" as Catholics tried to force reforming Protestants to stay with the Catholic church and Protestant Lords and Kings tried to break away from the Church. 

• Counter-Reformation
• The Enlightenment
• Edict of Nantes
• Peace of Westphalia

This meeting led to an effort by the Catholic church to reaffirm and reinvent itself in the aftermath of the Protestant Reformation.  Here, Church leaders gave decrees about what core beliefs the Church reaffirmed and condemned some aspects of the Protestant movement.  However, the Roman Catholic Church did decide to have greater oversight over its priests and sought to end corruption.  

• Vatican II
• Edict of Nantes
• Peace of Westphalia
• Council of Trent

"The mountain that eats men," where much of Spain's silver came from which caused gross inflation within the world market and eventually became Spain's undoing as they based their economy too heavily on silver and did not invest in other economic possibilities.  Too much of a good thing can be a very bad thing. 

• Repartimiento 
• Sucre
• Potosí
• Manila