10.2

“When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates [government officials], there can be no liberty; because apprehensions [fears] may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws to execute them in a tyrannical manner. . . .” — Baron de Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws

Which solution would Baron de Montesquieu offer to avoid the enactment of tyrannical laws?

• granting freedom of speech

• reinstating absolute monarchies

• separating the branches of government

• limiting natural laws

“If man in the state of nature is free, if he is absolute lord of his own person and possessions, why will he give up his freedom? Why will he put himself under the control of any person or institution? The obvious answer is that rights in the state of nature are constantly exposed to the attack of others. Since every man is equal and since most men do not concern themselves with equity and justice, the enjoyment of rights in the state of nature is unsafe and insecure. Hence each man joins in society with others to preserve his life, liberty, and property.” — John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1690

Which group’s ideas are best supported by this excerpt

• enlightened philosophers

• absolute monarchs

• communists

• missionaries

. . . The Laws ought to be so framed, as to secure the Safety of every Citizen as much as possible. . . The Equality of the Citizens consists in this; that they should all be subject to the same Laws. . . . - Documents of Catherine the Great, W. F. Reddaway, ed., Cambridge University Press (adapted)

Which of the following individuals most strongly influenced the ideas in the excerpt of Catherine the Great above?

• Louis XIV

• Rousseau

• Akbar the Great

• Genghis Khan

Revolutions have most often occurred in nations in which

• the majority of people are economically prosperous

• social mobility is encouraged

• citizens can participate in the political process

• social, political, or economic dissatisfaction exists

- Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.

- Any law which violates the inalienable rights of man is essentially unjust and tyrannical; it is not a law at all.

Which event was an attempt to implement these ideas?

• Berlin Conference

• Congress of Vienna

• German Unification

• French Revolution

… We must ask ourselves three questions. 1. What is the Third Estate? Everything. 2. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. 3. What does it want to be? Something.…— Abbé Sieyès, 1789 (adapted), NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, August 2014.

Based on this passage, what did the Third Estate want?

• independence from France

• more influence in the political system

• removal of the monarchy

• freedom of religion in France

Based on the information in these graphs, identify one cause of the French Revolution.

• Over-taxation of the third estate

• Limited land ownership by the first estate

• Population decline amongst the second estate

• Population growth amongst the third estate

“Angry Mob Destroys Bastille”

“Robespierre’s Execution Ends Reign of Terror”

“Napoleon Seizes Power”

Which country’s revolution is referred to in these headlines?

• Spain

• Austria

• France

• Russia

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen—1789

Approved by the National Assembly of France, Aug. 26, 1789

Articles:

1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.

2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible [inalienable] rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. . . .

Source: The Avalon Project at Yale Law School (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2011.

Identify the best use of this document for a historian.

• To determine the actions taken by Louis XVI during his rule of France.

• To study how Louis XVI granted natural rights to French citizens

• To evaluate how free and equal the people of France were after the French Revolution

• To understand the hopes of representatives in the National Assembly of France.

• 1791—Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen (France)

• 1829—Prohibition of sati (India)

• 1857, 1882—Married Women’s Property Acts (Great Britain)

Which change in perception is suggested by these international developments regarding women?

• a decrease in political power for women

• a decline in the economic status of women

• a growing concern for the treatment of women

• an increase in the global exploitation of women