Explain how sedimentary rocks are formed and provide an example of a location where this process can be observed.

• Sedimentary rocks are formed from the cooling of magma; an example is the Hawaiian Islands.

• Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of mineral and organic particles; an example is the Grand Canyon.

• Sedimentary rocks are formed from the solidification of lava; an example is Mount St. Helens.

• Sedimentary rocks are formed from the crystallization of minerals from water; an example is the Dead Sea.

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NGSS.HS-ESS2-5

Describe the role of pressure and heat in the formation of fossil fuels and identify a region where this process is significant.

• Pressure and heat cause the immediate burning of organic material; significant in the Sahara Desert.

• Pressure and heat transform organic material into fossil fuels over millions of years; significant in the Gulf of Mexico.

• Pressure and heat cause the melting of rocks; significant in the Rocky Mountains.

• Pressure and heat lead to the formation of diamonds; significant in the Amazon Rainforest.

Plan a simple experiment to model the formation of sedimentary rocks using household materials. Describe the steps and expected outcome.

• Mix sand, water, and glue, then heat the mixture to form a solid rock.

• Layer sand, pebbles, and clay in a jar, add water, and apply pressure to simulate compaction.

• Freeze a mixture of soil and water to create a sedimentary rock.

• Boil a mixture of sand and salt to form a sedimentary rock.

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NGSS.HS-ESS2-5

Analyze the impact of erosion on the formation of sedimentary rocks and provide an example of a landscape shaped by this process.

• Erosion prevents sedimentary rock formation; an example is the Sahara Desert.

• Erosion contributes to sediment deposition, leading to sedimentary rock formation; an example is the Mississippi River Delta.

• Erosion only affects igneous rocks; an example is the Andes Mountains.

• Erosion causes the immediate destruction of sedimentary rocks; an example is the Amazon Rainforest.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

Evaluate the importance of fossil fuels in modern society and discuss the environmental implications of their use.

• Fossil fuels are not important and have no environmental impact.

• Fossil fuels are crucial for energy but contribute to pollution and climate change.

• Fossil fuels are only used in transportation and have no environmental implications.

• Fossil fuels are important for agriculture and have positive environmental effects.

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NGSS.HS-ESS3-5

Discuss the process of sedimentation and its role in the carbon cycle, providing an example of how it affects global carbon levels.

• Sedimentation removes carbon from the atmosphere permanently; an example is volcanic eruptions.

• Sedimentation stores carbon in rocks and oceans, affecting global carbon levels; an example is limestone formation.

• Sedimentation releases carbon into the atmosphere; an example is deforestation.

• Sedimentation has no role in the carbon cycle; an example is the water cycle.

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NGSS.HS-ESS2-6

NGSS.HS-LS2-5

Create a diagram to illustrate the stages of fossil fuel formation and explain each stage briefly.

• Diagram shows immediate combustion of organic material.

• Diagram includes deposition, burial, and transformation under heat and pressure.

• Diagram shows the cooling of magma into fossil fuels.

• Diagram includes the crystallization of minerals from water.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-1

Propose a method to reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuel extraction and use, and justify your proposal.

• Increase fossil fuel extraction to meet energy demands.

• Develop renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels.

• Stop all energy production to prevent environmental damage.

• Use more fossil fuels to boost economic growth.

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NGSS.HS-ESS3-2

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Interpret the significance of sedimentary rock layers in understanding Earth's history and provide an example of what they can reveal.

• Sedimentary rock layers are insignificant and reveal nothing about Earth's history.

• Sedimentary rock layers provide insights into past environments and life forms; an example is the discovery of dinosaur fossils.

• Sedimentary rock layers only show volcanic activity; an example is the Hawaiian Islands.

• Sedimentary rock layers are only important for mining; an example is coal mining.

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NGSS.MS-ESS1-4

NGSS.MS-ESS2-2

Analyze the relationship between sedimentary rock formation and fossil fuel deposits, and explain how this relationship affects energy resources.

• There is no relationship between sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels.

• Sedimentary rocks often contain fossil fuel deposits, which are crucial for energy resources.

• Sedimentary rocks prevent the formation of fossil fuels.

• Sedimentary rocks are only used for construction, not energy resources.

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NGSS.HS-ESS3-1