2nd Block -Evolution, Cladistics, & Classification

According to the theory of ______, mitochondria in cells today are the descendants of aerobic prokaryotes that used oxygen to generate energy.

• endosymbiosis

• mutualism

• parasitism

• ingestion

Snakes have useless leg bones in their bodies. These leg bones are ___ structures.

• homologous

• analogous

• vestigial

The table shows the amino acid present at ten positions in the myoglobin protein in five different organisms. Based on this evidence, a researcher could conclude that

• the two closest relatives are lemurs and gibbons.

• cows are more closely related to gibbons than they are to pigs.

• no amino acids at any position of the myoglobin protein remained unchanged across all animals.

• the myoglobin of pigs and cows is more similar than the myoglobin of lemurs and gibbons.

Which statement BEST describes how mutations are related to evolution?

• There is not a strong relationship between mutations and evolution.

• Natural selection causes evolution, which causes more mutations to appear in the DNA of the species.

• Mutations are changes in DNA that produce weaker organisms that die, so these are eliminated by evolution.

• Mutations lead to new genes, which may have an advantage over the old forms, causing the species to evolve.

_________ are found in BOTH viruses AND in living single-celled organisms, such as protozoans and bacteria.

• Ribosomes

• DNA or RNA

• Nuclei

• Cell membranes

The 6-kingdom system of classification divides the former kingdom Monera into two kingdoms, Eubacteria and

• Archaebacteria.

• Methanobacteria.

• Chemobacteria.

• Probacteria.

Compare and contrast the two prokaryotic kingdoms. What is one major difference that is apparent?

• Archeabacteria are the only organisms on Earth that do not contain DNA.

• Archeabacteria are much smaller than any known organisms on Earth or in the history of Earth.

• The chemical composition of the cell walls of each in the two kingdoms varies.

• Archeabacteria are capable of producing their own food without chloroplasts, using mitochondria instead.

The arm or forelimb of humans, horses, goats, and mice all exhibit the same three bone structures: humerus, ulna, and radius. Which statement BEST explains this common skeletal structure?

• The limb bones are similar across these species because they share a common ancestor.

• The limb bones are the same across these species because all of them move in a similar way.

• The limbs are similar because of the recurring patterns of genetic mutation that are common in the Animal Kingdom.

• The limbs are structurally similar due to convergent evolution--different organisms evolving to become structurally similar.

The Venn diagram represents two eukaryote kingdoms. Based on the characteristics shown, A represents _____ and B represents _____.

• plants; fungi

• fungi; animals

• fungi; bacteria

• plants; animals

Some species of present day protists contain living organisms within their cytoplasm. Paramecium bursaria are hosts for zoochlorellae, photosynthetic protists, that live within the cytoplasm of the paramecium. The relationship appears to be symbiotic; the zoochlorellae gain protection and possibly some essential nutrients from the host cytoplasm and the paramecium host has an available food source when its usual food source is depleted. This symbiotic relationship provides support for the theory of endosymbiosis, which states that _____.

• animal-like cells evolved from ancestors that were photosynthetic.

• mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from small prokaryotes living within larger cells.

• photosynthetic organisms, like today's land plants, evolved from photosynthetic bacteria.

• heterotrophic organisms could not have evolved before the evolution of photosynthetic organisms.