Absolutism - Enlightenment

Czar who modernized Russia -- built St. Petersburg & led a cultural revolution to help blend European ideas into Russian society

• Elizabeth I

• Louis XIV

• Peter I

• Philip II

Last monarch of the Tudor dynasty & first Protestant leader of England worked well with Parliament & was beloved by the British citizens for cultural expansion

• Elizabeth I

• Louis XIV

• Peter I

• Philip II

“Sun King” who ruled for 72 years à lived extravagant lifestyle at the palace he built in Versailles & got France involved in several different European wars

• Elizabeth I

• Louis XIV

• Peter I

• Philip II

Devout Catholic who guided Spain to the height of its influence & power until the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, Built El Escorial to serve as a palace / church

• Elizabeth I

• Louis XIV

• Peter I

• Philip II

Italian physicist / astronomer à improved the telescope to help prove the heliocentric (sun = center) theory of the universe

• Galileo

• Francis Bacon

• Isaac Newton

English scientist helped develop the scientific method by stressing the importance of experimentation / observation

• Galileo

• Francis Bacon

• Isaac Newton

English scientist / mathematician à Father of Physics, created universal laws of motion

• Galileo

• Francis Bacon

• Isaac Newton

Plotted to assassinate her husband in order to take over the Russian Throne

• Maria Theresa

• Catherine II

• Fredrick II

Wanted to expand his Prussian empire Wanted to expand his Prussian empire in fighting in Austria

• Maria Theresa

• Catherine II

• Fredrick II

Austrian ruler who strengthened her empire's economy

• Maria Theresa

• Catherine II

• Fredrick II