To whom the agent is responsible?

• Principal

• Sub Agent

• Contractor

• None of these

In order for the principal to ratify a contract P must have been in existence both when the contract was made and at the date of ratification. As shown in....

• Freeman & Lockyer V Buckhurst Park Properties Ltd (1964)

• Kelner V Baxter (1866)

• Great Northern Railway V Swaffield (1874)

A third party cannot rely on apparent authority when he knows of the lack of actual authority.

• True

• False

Principal's liability to the agent....

• To request remuneration or commission for services performed

• To claim remuneration or commission for services performed

• To claim an indemnity against P for most expenses reasonably incurred in carrying act his obligations

Contracts are made between the principal and the third party or directly with the agent.

• True

• False

_________ arises where P implies that A is his agent even though that is not. He is then prevented or "stopped" from denying A's authority.

• Ratification

• Estoppel

• Necessity

• Agreement

Note that a void or illegal contract may still be ratified.

• True

• False

Agent by estoppel can be shown in....

• Great Northern Railway V Swaffield (1874)

• Freeman & Lockyer V buckhurst Park Properties Ltd (1964)

• Kelner V Baxter (1866)

To become an agent by necessity requires __________ condition to be satisfied.

• A's property is entrusted to P

• it's not possible to communicate with A

• An emergency arises making it necessary for A to act

An agency relationship can be established in some ways....

• by ratification, express necessity, by necessity, enforced agreement

• implied necessity, enforced agreement, implied agreement

• by estoppel, implied necessity, express necessity

• by ratification, implied agreement, by estoppel, by necessity