A researcher designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental temperature on the function of an enzyme. For each trial included in the experiment, the researcher will add the enzyme and its substrate to an aqueous buffer solution and then measure the amount of product formed over 20 minutes. Which of the following must remain the same for all trials of this experiment?

• The initial concentration of the substrate

• The final concentration of the product

• The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme

• The temperature of the aqueous buffer solution

Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of an enzyme?

• The free energy of the reactants is greater than the free energy of the products.

• The equilibrium constant of the reaction is much greater than 1.

• The shape and charge of the substrates are compatible with the active site of the enzyme.

• The concentration of the enzyme inside living cells is greater than the concentration of substrate.

The most likely explanation for the results shown in this graph is that...

• pH affects the shape of the active site of the enzyme

• pH affects the temperature of the reaction

• the enzyme has a quaternary structure

• the enzyme has disulfide bonds

• pH affects the primary structure of the enzyme

Which of the following questions can best be answered by the diagram?

• Does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction?

• Does the addition of an enzyme result in the formation of covalent bonds?

• Does the addition of an enzyme produce a greater amount of products?

• Does the addition of an enzyme change the pathway for the reaction?

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-4

Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

• Rate of disappearance of the substrate

• Rate of disappearance of the product

• Change in volume of the solution

• Increase in activation energy

• Rate of disappearance of the enzyme

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-5

According to the chemiosmotic theory (chemiosmotic coupling), the energy required to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space against a concentration gradient comes most directly from...

• photons of red or blue light

• the hydrolysis of ATP

• the breakdown of high-energy fatty acids in the mitochondrial matrix

• electrons flowing along the electron transport chain

• substrate-level phosphorylation

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-7

NGSS.HS-LS2-3

During respiration, most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of

• potassium against a concentration gradient

• protons down a concentration gradient

• electrons against a concentration gradient

• electrons through a channel

• sodium ions into the cell

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-7

NGSS.HS-LS2-3

Oxygen consumption can be used as a measure of metabolic rate because oxygen is

• necessary for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation

• necessary to replenish glycogen levels

• necessary for fermentation to take place

• required by all living organisms

• required to break down the ethanol that is produced in muscles

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-7

The reactions of glycolysis occur in the

• cytosol

• nucleus

• matrix of the mitochondrion

• membranes of the mitochondrion

• stroma of the chloroplast

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS2-3

Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle

cells?

• An increase in blood pH due to the accumulation of lactic acid

• No ATP production due to the absence of substrate-level phosphorylation

• A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation

• A decrease in the oxidation of fatty acids due to a shortage of ATP

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-7

NGSS.HS-LS2-3