Evolution

The illustrations to the right show vestigial pelvic bones of a baleen whale and vestigial hind limb bones of an extinct whale ancestor. The presence of these bones in the baleen whale and extinct whale provides evidence of which of the following?

• Whales can travel on land when necessary

• Whales evolved from four-legged animals

• Whales have functional legs that are hidden by fat and skin

• Whales are developing into animals with four functioning limbs

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A plains zebra (Equus quagga) and a donkey (Equus africanus) are both members of the genus Equus. Plains zebras and donkeys can mate to produce offspring called a zonkey that can live up to 18 years. Members of the Equus genus become sexually mature (old enough to have offspring) at roughly 3-4 years old. Zonkeys are unable have offspring of their own. Which of the following is a true statement?

• Plains zebras and donkeys are members of the same species because they cannot reproduce

• Plains zebras and donkeys are not members of the same species because their offspring are infertile

• Plains zebras and donkeys are members of the same species because they can reproduce

• Plains zebras and donkeys are not members of the same species because their offspring die before they are old enough to reproduce

Male satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus) spend years collecting blue flowers, blue items of human trash, and other blue items to decorate their bowers (mating nests) in very specific ways that they believe will attract female satin bowerbirds. Although female regent bowerbirds (Sericulus chrysocephalus) could mate with male satin bowerbirds, they will not because they are attracted to males who construct bowers with green items. Which of the following types of reproductive isolation explains why satin bowerbirds and regent bowerbirds are considered different species?

• Behavioral isolation

• Geographic isolation

• Gametic isolation

• Temporal isolation

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In a population of satin bowerbirds, there are two different variations of males. One type of male bowerbird constructs their love nest (bower) with green items, the other type of male constructs their love nest with blue items. The bowerbirds that construct blue bowers happen to be smaller in size, while those that construct green bowers are larger and stronger. Among this population, the females prefer to mate with males that construct blue bowers. What will happen to the population over thousands of generations?

• There will be a greater percentage of males that construct green bowers because according to survival of the fittest, the male bower birds that are the strongest are better able to survive and reproduce and pass on their trait to their offspring.

• There will be a greater percentage of males that construct blue bowers because according to survival of the fittest, the male bower birds that construct blue bowers have a trait that aids in attracting females which allows them to reproduce and pass on their trait to offspring.

• There will be a greater percentage of males that construct green bowers because according to survival of the fittest the males will adapt to the female choice and begin making blue bowers.

• There will be the same percentage of bowerbirds that produce green or blue bowers because all of the bowerbirds are equally able to reproduce and survive under these conditions.

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Marsupialia is an order in the animal kingdom that contains all known marsupials. Most members of this order are found on the island of Australia. Members of the Marsupialia order include kangaroos (Macropus rufus), koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), and wombats (Vombatus ursinus), among others. Marsupials have evolved to have a pouch on their bodies where their young can grow and develop after birth. Marsupials were once closely related to other mammals, but they became reproductively isolated from other mammals when Australia broke off mainland Africa 2 million years ago. Which type of reproductive isolation best describes how marsupials evolved from other mammals? a

• Temporal isolation

• Behavioral isolation

• Geographic isolation

• Gametic isolation

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Which of the following best describes the image

• Gradualism because there are long periods with no genetic change followed by short periods of high genetic change

• Punctuated equilibrium because there are long periods with no genetic change followed by short periods of high genetic change

• Gradualism because there are large amounts of genetic change happening consistently over time.

• Punctuated equilibrium because there are small amounts of genetic change happening consistently over time.

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What traits does Graph B favor

• the middle trait

• one extreme

• both extremes

• none

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Biologists have been growing a population of bacteria on a media (petri dish) containing an antibiotic and then switching the bacteria to media without the antibiotic. They have continued doing this for a thousand generations of the bacteria. The biologists noticed that initially very few bacteria survived, but now almost 100% of the bacteria survive (i.e., are resistant to the antibiotic). The best explanation is that....

• The environment (the media with the antibiotic) caused the bacteria to become resistant to the antibiotic. Each generation more bacteria changed and so now more survive.

• The environment (the media with the antibiotic) caused the bacteria to become resistant to the antibiotic. These bacteria survived and reproduced more than nonresistant bacteria and so now more survive.

• Initially, some bacteria were resistant to the antibiotic and some weren’t. Over time, the environment (the media with the antibiotic) stimulated other bacteria to develop resistance as well and so now more survive.

• Initially, some bacteria were resistant to the antibiotic and some weren’t. The environment (the media with the antibiotic) allowed those that were resistant to survive and reproduce better than the nonresistant bacteria and so now more survive.

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