Recap Midterm Review

What is one advantage of sexual reproduction?

• Offspring will have all genes of only one parent.

• Offspring will have a mixture of genes from both parents.

• Offspring will have all the genes of both parents.

• Offspring will have entirely new genes.

Scientists have found that American vultures and African vultures, which were once thought to belong to the falcon family, are not so closely related. In fact, scientists now know that American vultures are more closely related to storks than African vultures. What most likely gave scientists the strongest evidence to come to this conclusion?

• similar fight styles

• similar behavior

• similar DNA

• similar food sources

One result of evolution form a common ancestor

• artificial selection

• homology

• The founder effect

• The bottleneck effect

When penicillin was first introduced, it was effective in destroying most of the bacteria that cause gonorrhea. Today, certain varieties of this bacterium are resistant to penicillin. Which statement best explains the appearance of these resistant varieties?

• Penicillin used today is not as strong as the penicillin used when it was first introduced.

• Penicillin stimulated the production of antigens in the resistant bacteria.

• Penicillin stimulated the bacteria to become resistant, and the resistance was passed to the offspring.

• Penicillin killed the susceptible bacteria, and naturally resistant variations survived to reproduce.

How do vaccinations prepare the body's immune system to fight invasions of a specific pathogen?

• by directing the immune system to produce more of all pathogens

• by directing the immune system to produce more white and red blood cells, which will fight the specific pathogen

• by directing the immune system to produce antibodies to fight all pathogens

• by directing the immune system to produce antibodies to fight that specific pathogen

Which organelle makes proteins?

• Golgi apparatus

• mitochondrion

• vacuole

• ribosome

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

• It packages and delivers specific lytic enzymes to the lysosomes.

• It produces microtubules in order to move the pathogen into the cell.

• It synthesizes proteins for the transcription of RNA into DNA in the nucleus.

• It produces lipids in order to deliver energy to the bacterial cell.

Patrick clips a stem of his spotted house plant. He places the stem in a glass of water. After about two weeks, he notices that there are several roots visible. He then plants the clipped stem in another pot, where it continues to grow. Which processes of cell division are involved in the production of the new plant from the original plant?

• mitosis, only

• meiosis, only

• first mitosis, then meiosis

• first meiosis, then mitosis

Scientists have found that the disease known as Alzheimers is linked to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in cells. These proteins are capable of causing cell and tissue damage. Which two organelles should scientists first investigate to learn more about this buildup of misfolded proteins? A. B. C. D. The scientists should investigate the cell wall to see how often it lets misfolded proteins into the cell, and the mitochondria to see if it is providing enough energy for th

• The scientists should investigate the endoplasmic reticulum to see how often it is misfolding proteins, and the lysosomes to see the rate at which they are removing misfolded proteins.

• The scientists should investigate the ribosomes to see the rate at which they are synthesizing proteins, and the cell membrane to see what type of cell damage has occurred.

• The scientists should investigate the cell membrane to see how often it lets misfolded proteins into the cell, and the cell wall to see what type of damage has been done to the cell.

• The scientists should investigate the cell wall to see how often it lets misfolded proteins into the cell, and the mitochondria to see if it is providing enough energy for the lysosomes to digest the misfolded proteins.

How does the structure of a phospholipid allow it to function as a cell membrane component?

• The non-polar regions of the phospholipid tails orient toward each other with the polar regions of the phospholipids pointing toward the inside of the cytoplasm or towards the outside of the cell.

• The inner non-polar region of the phospholipid bilayer is extremely attractive to water molecules, making the cell membrane semipermeable.

• Phospholipids can shift the polar regions and the non-polar regions so they can frequently rotate within the plasma membrane.

• Phospholipids are very polar therefore they disperse easily in water.