Ch. 17 Quiz - Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

“Many Catholic and Protestant theologians viewed my heliocentric world system as degrading towards mankind."

Which of the following does the quotation best describe?

• Vesalius

• Ptolemy

• Copernicus

• Boyle

• Kepler

Johannes Kepler improved on Copernicus’ theories by:

• Introducing the concept of heliocentrism

• Demonstrating the laws of gravitational attraction

• Initially questioning the theory of crystalline spheres

• Demonstrating that planets have elliptical orbits

This sketch, drawn by Galileo in 1610, was used to argue that the Moon:

• has no phases.

• has an irregular surface.

• is one of the planets.

• does not revolve around the earth.

• is illuminated by Mars.

What is Isaac Newton’s most important contribution to the scientific revolution?

• Newton proved that the Ptolemaic universe was an accurate model

• Newton provided an explanation of the systematic, mechanical organization of the universe.

• Newton publicized the findings of astronomers to other scientists

• Newtonian behavior provided a scientific explanation for human psychology

Galileo was found guilty of heresy and condemned by the Inquisition on the grounds that he:

• Left the Roman Catholic Church and became a Protestant.

• Used to telescope to explore the heavens.

• Publicly advocated Copernicus’ heliocentric system.

• Discovered the law of universal gravitation.

The work of Galileo and Newton resulted in a model of the universe that embraced which of the following?

• Aristotelian philosophy

• A belief in an ascending “chain of being”

• A mechanical view of the universe governed by laws

• The belief in the fixed, central position of the Earth

Which of the following was NOT a major characteristic of the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century?

• a modern scientific method developed that stressed reason over tradition

• challenged medieval superstition and general acceptance of Aristotle's theories

• a widespread growth of scientific knowledge among the general population

• uncovering a new understanding about the physical world

• growth of a “Republic of Letters” in salons as an alternative to formal education

The eighteenth-century philosophes believed that society could best achieve progress through:

• Prayer and contemplation

• Intuition and tradition

• Analysis of Greek and Latin texts

• Application of scientific empiricism

Jean-Jacques Rousseau differed significantly from other Enlightenment philosophes in his:

• Emphasis on emotions and his admiration for the “noble savage”

• Emphasis on the importance of science to social progress

• Belief in traditional religious customs

• Belief in the divine right of kings

Which of the following is most characteristic of Voltaire’s ideas?

• Empiricism and religious toleration are to be celebrated

• The branches of government should be balanced

• Future progress is inevitable (unavoidable) and limitless

• The General Will is the ideal basis for good government