AP Psychology Exam Review - Learning

Negative reinforcement _______ the rate of a response; punishment ______ the rate of a response.

• Increases; decreases
• Decreases; increases
• Decreases; decreases
• Increases; does not affect

The behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be the one that was:

• Reinforced every time it occurred 
• Shaped
• Reinforced intermittently
• Reinforced by your parents

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

• Receiving a paycheck every two weeks
• Holding regular, but unpredictable, fire drills
• Earning a prize for every five books read in the library’s summer reading program
• Receiving five additional vacation days for each year of employment at a company

Attention, memory, imitation and motivation are the four elements required for the process of:

• Insight learning

• Latent learning

• Observational (social) learning

• Spontaneous recovery

John Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____________ in their study.

• discriminative stimulus
• conditioned stimulus
• unconditioned stimulus
• extinguished stimulus

Anything that seeks to continue a desired behavior by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of undesired stimulus is called __.

• Negative Reinforcement
• Punishment
• Positive Reinforcement
• Partial Reinforcement

According to _________ theory, you not consciously aware of how external stimuli have shaped your behavioral responses.  

• Constructive memory
• repressive memory
• episodic memory
• priming

With regards to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75 percent lean” than to one referring to its “25 percent fat” content. This is an example of:

• The framing effect
• Confirmation bias
• Mental set
• Overconfidence

Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become tainted from being in the sun too long.  Not long after eating, Brian became extremely nauseated and felt awful.  After that, even the sight of a tuna sandwich caused Brian to feel nauseated.  In this scenario, what is the conditioned response (CR)?

• tuna
• nausea
• mayo
• sight of any sandwich

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate it. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by

• intrinsic motivation

• spontaneous recovery

• biological predispositions

• conditioned reinforcers