Biology Semester 1 Final

Ten percent of the cell cycle involves the division of the mother cell dividing into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell. Which process is being characterized?

• mitotic cell division

• fertilization

• meiotic cell division

• cleavage

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Checkpoints occur between the stages of the cell cycle. If a cell does not meet certain criteria at the end of a stage, it will not move to the next stage. Which of these occurs just before the cell enters the G2 stage of the cell cycle?

• The nuclear membrane disintegrates

• DNA replicates

• Centrioles form.

• The nucleolus divides.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Part of the cell cycle is shown in this simplified model. This part of the cell cycle is best described as the process that —

• duplicates the DNA

• completes cell division

• maintains genetic homeostasis

• synthesizes new molecules

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Pepsin and trypsin are two of the digestive enzymes that break down protein. A group of students studied the pH requirements of these enzymes. The graph below shows the results. The students found that pepsin functions best in an acid environment and trypsin functions best in a neutral environment. Based on their observations, pepsin most likely aids in digestion in which part of the human body?

• Pancreas

• Intestines

• Mouth

• Stomach

The basic building blocks of proteins are called amino acids. In a protein, amino acids are held together by peptide bonds. Why are proteins essential to all life?

• They build structure and carry out cell metabolism.

• They provide genetic information

• They are used for energy storage

• They form cellular membranes.

By what process does a cell move particles from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration?

• Active transport

• Osmosis

• Passive transport

• Diffusion

Which of the following describes a form of active transport?

• Oxygen transfers into red blood cells through small gaps in the cell membrane from oxygen-rich environment surround the cells.

• Large molecules are brought into the cell by wrapping the cell membrane around the molecules to form a vacuole.

• Water moves across the cell membrane from the side with high osmotic pressure towards the side with low osmotic pressure.

• Membrane proteins provide a pathway for larger particles to move across the cell membrane and bring the cell and environment closer to equilibrium.

Which of the following describes osmosis?

• Oxygen transfers into red blood cells through small gaps in the cell membrane from oxygen-rich environment surrounding the cells.

• Large molecules are brought into the cell by wrapping the cell membrane around the molecules to form a vacuole.

• Water moves across the cell membrane from the side with high osmotic pressure towards the side with low osmotic pressure.

• Membrane proteins provide a pathway for larger particles to move across the cell membrane and bring the cell and environment closer to equilibrium.

Some students used vinegar to dissolve away the shells of three eggs and used these eggs as models of human red blood cells. The students observed the changes in the eggs when they were placed in different solutions. Which statement best describes the role of the cell membrane in this model?

• The cell membrane is an impermeable barrier that prevents water from entering the cell.

• The cell membrane allows solutes to enter the cell, which causes the cell to shrink.

• The cell membrane allows water to enter and leave the cell.

• The cell membrane removes solutes from the environment.

Which molecule synthesized by plants is a major source of energy for cellular processes in both plants and animals?

• Wax

• Nucleic acid

• Glucose

• Chlorophyll

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