Chapter 15 & 16 Test

"It is idle to say that a citizen shall have the right to life, yet to deny him the right to labor, whereby alone he can live. It is a mockery to say that a citizen may have a right to live, and yet deny him the right to make a contract to secure the privilege and the rewards of labor. It is worse than mockery to say that men may be clothed by the national authority with the character of citizens, yet may be stripped by State authority of the means by which citizens may exist. . . .

“It is barbarous, inhuman, infamous, to turn over four million liberated slaves, always loyal to the government, to the fury of their rebel masters, who deny them the benefit of all laws for the protection of their civil rights.”

-Source: Representative William Lawrence, Congressional Globe, 1866

The key concern that the excerpt was designed to address was the:

• lack of military presence in the southern states to protect African Americans

• continued enslavement of African Americans after the Civil War

• violations of African American rights at the state level of government

• demand for African American voting rights in federal elections

-Source: Currier and Ives, Wikimedia Commons, 1872

The image most closely reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States?

• an introduction of racial quotas for African American representation in the South

• an increase in voting power for African Americans across the country

• a swell in public outrage over the lack of voting power for white women

• a push for literacy tests and poll taxes to determine voter access

“‘Manhood Suffrage’ creates an antagonism everywhere between educated, refined women and the lower orders of men especially in the South, where the slaves of yesterday are the law-makers of to-day. . . Just as the democratic cry of a ‘white man’s government,’ created the antagonism between the Irishman and the negro, which culminated in the New York riots of ‘63, so the republican cry of ‘manhood suffrage’ creates an antagonism between black men and all women, that will culminate in fearful outrages on womanhood, especially in the Southern States.”

-Source: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Women and Black Men,” Revolution, 1869

Stanton’s reference to ‘Manhood Suffrage’ most directly reflects which of the following policy changes?

• the extension of voting power to all men born or naturalized in the United States

• the elimination of property qualifications for voting in federal elections

• the creation of an organization to educate newly-freed African Americans in the South

• the ratification of an amendment that banned the institution of slavery

“If we put negro regiments there and give them the bayonets, why can’t we give votes? They have joined in putting down the Rebellion; and now to place them at the mercy of those they have helped us to subdue — to deny them all political rights — to give them freedom but leave them entirely subject to laws framed by Rebel masters — is an act of injustice against which humanity revolts.”

-Source: Senator John Sherman of Ohio, National Anti-Slavery Standard, 1865

The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

• the establishment of the Ku Klux Klan

• the creation of Jim Crow laws across the South

• the occupation of the South by the US Army

• the passage of the Reconstruction Acts

-Source: Currier and Ives, Wikimedia Commons, 1872

Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image?

• the ratification of an amendment extending suffrage to African American men

• the introduction of Black Codes in the South to protect African American voting power

• the establishment of the Freedmen’s Bureau to enforce federal voting laws in the South

• the creation of a political party aimed at filling federal positions with African American men

“If we put negro regiments there and give them the bayonets, why can’t we give votes? They have joined in putting down the Rebellion; and now to place them at the mercy of those they have helped us to subdue — to deny them all political rights — to give them freedom but leave them entirely subject to laws framed by Rebel masters — is an act of injustice against which humanity revolts.”

-Source: Senator John Sherman of Ohio, National Anti-Slavery Standard, 1865

Which of the following federal actions most directly supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

• the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1875

• the passage of the Homestead Act

• the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment

• the introduction of Black Codes

“Poverty afflicted white Southerners as well as black, and tenancy, and the increasingly oppressive lien system, were regional rather than racial institutions. But blacks, confronting a unique combination of legal and extralegal coercions, were more vulnerable to fraud and found it more difficult to obtain alternative employment. . . . Blacks in the cotton South owned a smaller percentage of the land in 1900 than they had at the end of Reconstruction and possessed few options other than moving from plantation to plantation each January in search of improved conditions.”

-Source: Eric Foner, historian, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, 2011

The pattern described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following long-term developments?

• the growing economic gap between rich landowners and poor white and black farmers in the South

• the formation of cooperative organizations calling for increased railroad regulations

• the migration of German and Irish immigrants to the West to find cheap and available land

• the increase in troops to address the racial discrimination in these districts

-Source: Thomas Nast, “The Union As It Was,” Wikimedia Commons, 1874

The developments referenced by the image most directly contributed to:

• the introduction of Jim Crow laws by state governments.

• the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment.

• the Compromise of 1877.

• the creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau.

“Should the North ever grant free play, or a separation occur, I should look for the whites to go as far as they dare in restricting colored liberty by black codes or detached laws, without establishing personal servitude. . . . it is easy to foresee that whites would be lightly punished (if juries would ever convict them) for crimes against blacks, while the criminal law would be severe on black offenders, and conviction easy.”

-Source: A South Carolinian (Belton O’Neall Townsend), “The Political Condition of South Carolina,” The Atlantic Monthly, 1877

After 1877, which of the following most fulfilled the goal of “restricting colored liberty” that the excerpt refers to?

• the introduction of Jim Crow laws

• the establishment of the Ku Klux Klan

• the Compromise of 1877

• the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment

“Now, the effect of this upon the labor of the South is this: A great many laborers work by the month, but all of them are under contract. If I live three miles from a store, and I must work from sunup to sundown, I cannot go where I can do my trading to the best advantage. A man is prevented, no matter whether his family is sick from sundown to sunrise, from going and selling anything that he has, as the landlord will not give them time between sunrise and sundown. . . . If a man commits a crime he out to be punished, but every man ought to have a right to dispose of his own property. . . . I may raise as much cotton as I please in the seed, but I am prohibited by law from selling it to anybody but the landlord.”

-Source: Congressman James T. Rapier, Testimony before the US Senate regarding Agricultural Labor Force in the South, 1880

The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments?

• the ratification of an amendment that extends citizenship to all people born in the United States

• the establishment of the Freedmen’s Bureau to aid formerly enslaved people in their transition to public life

• the creation of a sharecropping system that limited African American access to southern land

• the formation of a special committee in Congress to monitor the laws in southern states to identify potential discrimination