Learning Review

Deliberately training without a UCS over extended time, weakening and potentially eliminating a conditioned response, is called

• shaping

• extinction

• generalizing

• discriminating

Classical conditioning is strengthened or reinforced when the ____ follows the ____ .

• CS, UCS

• UR, UCR

• UCS, CS

• CS, CR

Positive reinforcers increase the rate of responding and negative reinforcers decrease it.

• True

• False

Negative reinforcement and punishment are essentially opposites; one increases behavior and the other decreases it.

• True

• False

Trained Lil' Albert to fear white rats.

• B. F. Skinner

• Edward Thorndike

• John Watson

• Edward Tolman

Taught cats to pull string in a box to open door to get fish.

• B. F. Skinner

• Edward Thorndike

• John Watson

• Edward Tolman

Tested the effects of latent learning on rats in a maze.

• B. F. Skinner

• Edward Thorndike

• John Watson

• Edward Tolman

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of:

• modeling.

• delayed reinforcement.

• cognitive mapping.

• shaping.

• spontaneous recovery.

Yvette, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces her level of stress. Yvette's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.

• positive

• negative

• conditioned

• partial

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. Although at one time her mother granted every request, she now does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will:

• soon give up asking for a treat entirely.

• come to ask for a treat only occasionally.

• continue to ask for a treat every time she goes to the store.

• ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store.