Cognition

When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard University is a

• prototype.
• mental set.
• algorithm.
• fixation.

A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of

• an algorithm.
• the availability heuristic.
• functional fixedness.
• belief perseverance.

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to

• save time in arriving at solutions to problems.
• avoid the issue of functional fixedness.
• yield more accurate solutions to problems.
• involve greater reliance on language skills.

Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely on

• the availability heuristic.
• divergent thinking.
• framing.
• convergent thinking.

The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called

• functional fixedness.
• belief perseverance.
• the representativeness heuristic.
• confirmation bias.

The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called

• functional fixedness.
• belief perseverance.
• the representativeness heuristic.
• confirmation bias.

Jerome believes that his 4-year-old grandson is a hyperactive child because the boy's constant movement resembles Jerome's prototype of hyperactivity. Jerome's thinking best illustrates

• belief perseverance.
• the availability heuristic.
• the representativeness heuristic.
• functional fixedness.

Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of

• the representativeness heuristic.
• confirmation bias.
• the availability heuristic.
• overconfidence

Which of the following is the best example of framing?

• Alex was locked out of his car. He didn't think to use a coat hanger to unlock the door before calling the police.
• Zach felt very certain that he knew all the concepts in Chapter 2, so he was surprised to get 65 percent on the exam.
• Despite reading several research studies demonstrating that therapeutic touch is no more effective than a placebo in treating pain, Miriam still considers it a valid treatment option.
• A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.

Which of the following is the best example of framing?

• Alex was locked out of his car. He didn't think to use a coat hanger to unlock the door before calling the police.
• Zach felt very certain that he knew all the concepts in Chapter 2, so he was surprised to get 65 percent on the exam.
• Despite reading several research studies demonstrating that therapeutic touch is no more effective than a placebo in treating pain, Miriam still considers it a valid treatment option.
• A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.