Early Modern Era

Created heliocentric theory - proposed that sun was the center of the universe, not the Earth

• Nicolaus Copernicus

• Francis Bacon

• Sir Issac Newton

• Galileo

Creator of the scientific method, stressed the use of observation and experimentation in seeking knowledge

• Nicolaus Copernicus

• Francis Bacon

• Sir Issac Newton

• Galileo

Italian astronomer and scientist, improved the telescope and discovered the moons of Jupiter

• Johannes Kepler

• René Descartes

• Sir Issac Newton

• Galileo Galilei

Considered the ideal Renaissance man, most famous works include the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

• Raphael

• René Descartes

• Michelangelo

• Leonardo da Vinci

Wrote The Prince which taught that leaders should be ruthless and advanced the idea that “the end justifies the means”

• Francesco Petrarch

• René Descartes

• Niccolò Machiavelli

• Erasmus

"Father of Humanism"

• Francesco Petrarch

• René Descartes

• Niccolò Machiavelli

• Erasmus

Italian artist and sculptor, created the statue of David and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

• Raphael

• Donatello

• Michelangelo

• Leonardo da Vinci

His novel invention of printing with movable type printing led to the rapid spread of Renaissance ideas.

• Francesco Petrarch

• René Descartes

• Johannes Gutenberg

• Johannes Kepler

Most famous achievements include his laws of motion and universal gravitation

• Johannes Kepler

• René Descartes

• Sir Issac Newton

• Galileo Galilei

In Catholic doctrine, this is a full or partial reduction of punishment for sins

• Indulgence

• Confession

• Recant

• Annul