CRJS 3201 Chapter 6 & 7

A cause is an explanation for some characteristic, attitude, or behavior of groups, individuals, or other entities or for events.

• True

• False

A type of causal explanation involving the belief that variation in an independent variable will be followed by variation in the dependent variable, when all other things are equal.

• Nomothetic causal explanation

• Ceteris paribus

• Counterfactual

• Idiographic causal explanation

The concrete, individual sequence of events, thoughts, or actions that resulted in a particular outcome for a particular individual or that led to a particular event.

• nomothetic causal explanation

• idiographic causal explanation

• context

• individual association

Five criteria must be considered when deciding whether a causal connection exists. Out of these five, three conditions are necessary for determining causality. Which three?

• Empirical association, mechanism, context

• Appropriate time order, Empirical association, context

• Mechanism, Context, Empirical Association

• Empirical association, appropriate time order, nonspuriousness

Nonspuriousness is a relationship that exists between two variables that is not due to variation in a third variable.

• True

• False

A relationship between two variables that is due to variation in a third variable is called _____________.

• nonspuriousness

• spuriousness

• mechanism

• context

In an experiment, the group of subjects that receives the treatment or experimental manipulation.

• experimental group

• random assignment

• true experiment

• contextual effects

Studies in which data are collected at two or more points in time and data can be ordered in time.

• longitudinal research desgin

• cross sectional research design

• fixed-panel research design

• repeated cross-sectional design

Measure of the outcome (dependent) variable after an experimental intervention or after a presumed independent variable has changed for some other reason.

• posttest

• pretest

• midtest

• treatment dependent test

Many of the experiments related to criminal justice related issues are field experiments.

• True

• False