#4 Vocabulary, The Art of Argument, Lucy Calkins

support

• common, unexamined understandings on a particular topic
• beliefs that help readers agree with the writer's argument
• reasons and evidence that back up and connect to the claim
• your favorite hoodie to snuggle in while you pretend to read for SSR

rhetorical fallacy

• it distracts the reader with various appeals instead of using sound reasoning to persuade
• an argument that inspires the audience to consider the evidence very carefully
• when a rule that is generally accepted to be correct is used incorrectly in a particular instance.
• an opinion supported by reason and evidence

logical fallacy

• an opinion supported by reason and evidence
• the information’s level of trustworthiness based on how it makes you feel when you read it
• the quality of being believable or worthy of trust:
• a common error in reasoning that will undermine any other logic in your argument

false assumptions

• literary elements used to convince or persuade audiences using logos, pathos, and ethos.
• where the underlying premise or proposition in an argument is false
• what you express every time you share in class
• an opinion that is popular

bandwagon appeal

• the attitude of the author meant to persuade the reader
• an appeal that taps into someone’s desire to belong
• a claim supported by reasons and evidence
• taking a stand that is not popular with others in your class

ethical appeal

• an opinion supported by reason and evidence
• an appeal that makes people feel as if their safety, security, or health is in danger
• an appeal that tries to gain moral support for a claim by linking the claim to a widely accepted value
• uses words with strongly positive or negative connotations to stir people’s emotions

appeal to fear

• an appeal that makes people feel as if their safety, security, or health is in danger
• a fallacy in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent's feelings of pity or guilt
• an argument that inspires the audience to consider the evidence very carefully
• an argument that inspires the audience to consider the evidence very carefully

appeal to pity

• a fallacy in which you convince your audience that you are believable or worthy of trust:
• when the logic support the argument is so poor, your audience feels sorry for you
• the attitude of the author meant to persuade the reader
• a fallacy in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent's feelings of pity or guilt

loaded terms

• a common error in reasoning that will undermine any other logic in your argument
• taking a stand that is not popular with others in your class
• uses words with strongly positive or negative connotations to stir people’s emotions
• are words or phrases placed in an argument essay to help define the claim

warrant

• a document stating the police may arrest you for committing a specific crime
• an argument based on the need for people to feel safe and secure
• I shot the sheriff, but I did not shoot the deputy
• the underlying connection between the claim and evidence, or why the evidence supports the claim