Reconstruction

Base your answer to the questions on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

_{14th Amendment, Section 1, United States Constitution}

This amendment was adopted in 1868 primarily to

• protect the rights of formerly enslaved persons

• make it easier for immigrants to become citizens

• extend suffrage to settlers on the Great Plains

• require the federal government to pay the costs of Reconstruction

Base your answer to the questions on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

_{14th Amendment, Section 1, United States Constitution}

Which event was most likely a result of this amendment?

• The decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

• The passage of the 18th amendment in 1919

• The Dawes Act of 1887

• The rise of Populism in the late 19th century

Base your answer to the questions on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

_{14th Amendment, Section 1, United States Constitution}

Which of the following groups most directly advocated for this amendment?

• Democrats

• Radical Republicans

• Suffragists

• Progressives

Base your answer to the questions on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

. . . The object of the amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but, in the nature of things, it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either. Laws permitting, and even requiring, their separation in places where they are liable to be brought into contact do not necessarily imply the inferiority of either race to the other, and have been generally, if not universally, recognized as within the competency of the state legislatures in the exercise of their police power. The most common instance of this is connected with the establishment of separate schools for white and colored [African American] children, which has been held to be a valid exercise of the legislative power even by courts of States where the political rights of the colored race have been longest and most earnestly enforced. . . .

Source: United States Supreme Court ruling, 1896

Which Supreme Court case is this document most likely related to?

• Plessy v. Ferguson

• Korematsu v. United States

• United States v. Susan B. Anthony

• Worcester v. Georgia

Base your answer to the questions on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

. . . The object of the amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but, in the nature of things, it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either. Laws permitting, and even requiring, their separation in places where they are liable to be brought into contact do not necessarily imply the inferiority of either race to the other, and have been generally, if not universally, recognized as within the competency of the state legislatures in the exercise of their police power. The most common instance of this is connected with the establishment of separate schools for white and colored [African American] children, which has been held to be a valid exercise of the legislative power even by courts of States where the political rights of the colored race have been longest and most earnestly enforced. . . .

Source: United States Supreme Court ruling, 1896

In this 1896 decision, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of

• the Three-fifths Compromise

• Jim Crow laws

• affirmative action programs

• racial integration

Base your answer to the questions on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

. . . The object of the amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but, in the nature of things, it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either. Laws permitting, and even requiring, their separation in places where they are liable to be brought into contact do not necessarily imply the inferiority of either race to the other, and have been generally, if not universally, recognized as within the competency of the state legislatures in the exercise of their police power. The most common instance of this is connected with the establishment of separate schools for white and colored [African American] children, which has been held to be a valid exercise of the legislative power even by courts of States where the political rights of the colored race have been longest and most earnestly enforced. . . .

Source: United States Supreme Court ruling, 1896

What was one action taken by the federal government to overturn this decision?

• The decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

• Ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment

• Passing the Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Passing the Immigration Act of 1965

Base your answer to the question on the image below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which event most likely led to the situation shown in this image?

• The passage of the 14th Amendment

• The passage of the 15th Amendment

• Jim Crow laws

• Women’s suffrage

Base your answer to the question on the image below and on your knowledge of social studies.

A historian would find this document most useful for

• Studying the impact of the Freedmen’s Bureau

• Studying African American political participation during Reconstruction

• Studying the impact of the Black Codes

• Studying the impact of President Andrew Johnson’s policies

Base your answer to the questions on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Excerpt of an 1874 report by Freedman Samuel J. Lee. Lee was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in the elections of 1868. He became Speaker of the House in 1872.Permit me, now to refer to our increased educational advantages. It is very pleasing, gentlemen, to witness how rapidly the schools are springing up in every portion of our State, and how the number of competent, well trained teachers are increasing. . . .Our State University has been renovated and made progressive. New Professors, men of unquestionable ability and erudition, now fill the chairs once filled by men who were too aristocratic to instruct colored youths. A system of scholarships has been established that will, as soon as it is practically in operation, bring into the University a very large number of students... The effects of education can also be perceived; the people are becoming daily more enlightened; their minds are expanding, and they have awakened, in a great degree, from the mental darkness that hitherto surrounded them...

What was the “mental darkness” referred to by the author?

• segregation in public facilities enforced by Jim Crow policies

• illiteracy of enslaved people caused by slave codes that banned enslaved people from learning to read and study

• the violent oppression perpetrated by the Ku Klux Klan

• the growth of anti-racism in the South following the end of the Civil War

Base your answer to the questions on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Excerpt of an 1874 report by Freedman Samuel J. Lee. Lee was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in the elections of 1868. He became Speaker of the House in 1872.Permit me, now to refer to our increased educational advantages. It is very pleasing, gentlemen, to witness how rapidly the schools are springing up in every portion of our State, and how the number of competent, well trained teachers are increasing. . . .Our State University has been renovated and made progressive. New Professors, men of unquestionable ability and erudition, now fill the chairs once filled by men who were too aristocratic to instruct colored youths. A system of scholarships has been established that will, as soon as it is practically in operation, bring into the University a very large number of students... The effects of education can also be perceived; the people are becoming daily more enlightened; their minds are expanding, and they have awakened, in a great degree, from the mental darkness that hitherto surrounded them...

Which claim is best supported by the evidence in this document?

• Reconstruction governments were ineffective.

• Reconstruction governments were corrupt.

• Reconstruction governments focused on voting rights of freedmen.

• Reconstruction governments enacted progressive reforms.